الفهرس 
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Abstract
One hundred samples of raw milk including (50 of cow’s milk} 25 each of rural and urban {and 50 of buffalo’s milk} 25 each of rural and urban {were collected randomly from small holder dairy farmers at local market and supermarkets in Alexandria governorate. Milk samples were collected in sterile jars (250 ml. capacity), then transferred to the laboratory in an insulated ice box with a minimum of delay, where directly examined.
1. Sanitary evaluation of examined raw milk samples:
1.1 Cow’s milk
1.1.1 Titratable acidity: The mean values of titratable acidity in examined rural and urban milk samples were 0.15 ± 0.01and 0.16± 0.01%, respectively.
1.1.2 pH value: The mean values of pH in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 6.40 ± 0.01 and 6.32 ± 0.02, respectively.
1.2 Buffalo’s milk
1.2.1 Titratable acidity: The mean values of titratable acidity in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.18 ± 0.01%, respectively.
1.2.2 pH value: The mean values of pH in examined rural and urban milk samples were 6.48 ± 0.02 and 6.35 ± 0.02, respectively.
2. Chemical evaluation of milk constituents:
2.1 Cow’s milk
2.1.1 Rural milk: The mean values of fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and minerals contents were 4.07± 0.17, 3.76 ± 0.10, 5.43 ± 0.15, 0.13 ± 0.01 and 9.99 ± 0.27%, respectively.
2.1.2 Urban milk: The mean values of fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and minerals contents were 2.89±0.21, 3.80± 0.05, 5.54 ± 0.09, 10.16 ± 0.15 and 0.09 ± 0.003%, respectively.
2.2Bufallo’s milk
2.2.1 Rural milk: The mean values of fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and minerals contents were 6.57±0.34, 4.19± 0.08, 5.98 ± 0.11, 11.07 ± 0.21 and 0.10 ± 0.004%, respectively.
2.2.2 Urban milk: The mean values of fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and minerals contents were 6.03 ± 0.12, 4.01± 0.07, 5.79 ± 0.09, 10.69 ± 0.17 and 0.09 ± 0.001%, respectively.
3. Microbiological evaluation of examined raw milk:
3.1 Mesophilic aerobic bacterial count
3.1.1 Cow’s milk
The mean values of total bacterial count in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 2.9x105 ± 0.20x105 and 4.2x105±0.44x105cfu/ml, respectively.
3.1.2 Buffalo’s milk
The mean values of total bacterial count in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 3.2x105 ± 0.53x105 and 3.8x105±0.44x105cfu/ml, respectively.
3.2. Coliforms count
3.2.1 Cow’s milk
The incidence of Coliforms in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 84 and 96%.With the mean values of 8.9x104 ± 1.7x104 and 6.2x104± 0.48x104cfu/ml, respectively.
The isolated Coliforms from examined rural and urban raw milk samples could be identified as Citrobacter diversus 16and 20%, Citrobacter freundii 20 and 23.33%, Enterobacter aerogenes 16 and 13.34%, Enterobacter cloacae 24 and 33.33%, Esherchia coli 24 and 33.33%, respectively.
3.2.2 Buffalo’s milk
The incidence of Coliforms in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 88 and 68%.With the mean values of 1.6x105 ± 0.28x105 and 3.5x104 ± 0.88x104cfu/ml, respectively.
The isolated Coliforms from examined rural and urban raw milk samples could be identified as Citrobacter diversus 11.54 and 20%, Citrobacter freundii 15.38 and 30, Enterobacter aerogenes 30.76 and 15%, Enterobacter cloacae 19.23 and 20%, Esherchia coli 23.07 and 15%, respectively.
3.3. Staphylococcus aureus count
3.3.1 Cow’s milk
The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus count in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 68 and 48% with the mean values 1.9x104 ± 0.24x104 and 1.9x104 ± 0.26x104, respectively.
3.3.2 Buffalo’s milk
The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 72 and 56%.With the mean values of 1.8x104 ± 0.18x104 and 1.0x104 ± 0.17x104 cfu/ml, respectively.
3.4. Enterococci count
3.4.1 Cow’s milk
The incidence of Enterococci in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 28 and 60%.With the mean values of 1.6x105 ± 0.68x105 and 1.0x105 ± 0.28x105cfu/ml, respectively.
3.4.2 Buffalo’s milk
The incidence of Enterococci in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 32 and 64%.With the mean values of 6.0x104 ± 2.9x104 and 1.1x105 ± 0.44x105cfu/ml, respectively.
3. 5 Yeast Count
3.5.1 Cow’s milk
The incidence of Yeast in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 60 and 48%.With the mean values of 4.7x103 ± 0.47x103 and 7.1x103 ± 1.1x103cfu/ml, respectively.
3.5.2 Buffalo’s milk
The incidence of Yeast in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 84 and 60%.With the mean values of 6.1x103 ± 0.42x103 and 6.0x103± 0.52x103cfu/ml, respectively.
3.6 Mould count
3.6.1 Cow’s milk
The incidence of Mould in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 60 and 72%.With the mean values of 3.0x102 ± 0.53x102 and 2.3x102± 0.51x102cfu/ml, respectively.
3.6.2 Buffalo’s milk
The incidence of Mould in examined rural and urban raw milk samples were 68 and 80%.With the mean values of 2.3x102 ± 0.54x102 and 3.2x102± 0.35x102 cfu/ml, respectively.