الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The series of events that led to the discovery of aflatoxin as a potent carcenogen, the
interesting in slight into the economical and technological factors involved in the development of
an effective control measure.
The first part :
In this study we examined three hundred and twenty samples of mixed animal feed (poultry and large
animal) and cereal grains (yellow com and soybean) each of hem include 80 samples from different
localities in Kalubia and Sharkia governorates. We found that aflatoxin B1 represented the most
prevalent type of aflatoxins (53.85%) followed by aflatoxin G2 (44.44%), aflatoxin G1 (23.93%) of
total positive samples.
The over all positive samples were 117 samples (36.56%) representing, 29 samples(24.79%) of poultry
feed; 40 samples (34.19%) oflarge animal feed; 32 samples (27.35%) ofyellow com and 16 samples
(13.67%) of soybean.
Concerning to poultry feed, out of 80 samples, 29 samples (36.25%) were contaminated with
aflatoxins representing (51.72%) were contaminated with aflatoxin B 1 in a range of 20-1050 ppb,
aflatoxins (G 1 and G2) were representing (13.79 and 41.38%), respectively of total positive
poultry samples, the levels ofaflatoxins ranged from (37-54 ppb; 200-2400 ppb and respectively.
Regarding large animal feed we noted that out of 80 samples 40 samples (50%) were contaminated with
aflatoxins representing aflatoxin (B1, G1 and G2) representing (40%, 40% and 60%) total positive
large
animal feed samples, aflatoxins ranged from 320-628 ppb, 10-820 ppb
and 240-356 ppb.
from 80 yellow com examined samples 32 samples (40%) were contaminated with different types of
aflatoxins where aflatoxins (B 1, G 1 and G2) were representing (50%, 20% and 50%) respectively
oftotal positive yellow com samples, the aflatoxins ranged from (50-168 ppb); (11.8-17.5 ppb), and
(240-356 ppb) respectively.
from 80 soybean samples, 16 samples (20%) were contaminated with aflatoxins where aflatoxins (B 1
and B 1 with B2) were represnting (100% and 50%) respectively of total positive soybean samples the
aflatoxins ranged from (50-70 ppb and 120-210 popb). Respectively.
The second part :
According to the Egyptian organixation for standardization and Quality control (1990) we used
aflatoxin B1 in a dose of 10 !lg/kg to evaluate the effect of this concentration beside studying
the protective action of new antimycotoxin (Mycotox)® against aflatoxin b1 toxicity on one day-old
chickens. The chickens were classified in 3 groups.
- The first group (group I) dosed aflatoxin B 1 ( 10 !lg I kg feed) for 6 weeks.
- The second group (group II) dosed aflatoxin B1 (10!-lglkg feed) and antimycotoxin 1 kg I ton
feed for 6 weeks.
- The third group (group III) kept as control for 6 weeks.
Concerning to the nutritional aspects we noticed that group (I) showed significant reduction in
growth rate and lowered body weight.
On the other hand the group showed significant increased m
growth rate, body weight.
Our results indicated that antitoxin was effective in minimizing the
toxic effect of aflatoxin B 1 on chicken.
Aflatoxin B1 in group (I) reduced the relative weight of liver, spleen, thymus and bursa of
Fabricius but increased relative weight of heart, brain, kidney, gizzard and the proventriculus,
but the group (II) dosed aflatoxin B1 with (antitoxin) showed some what increased in relative
weight of liver, spleen, thymus and bursa of fabrious. However decrease in relative weight o’f
heart, brain, kidney, gizzard and proventriculus than the aflatoxicated group was observed.
Aflatoxin B 1 induced significant reduced in RBCs, WBCs, Hb, non significant reduced in PCV. On
other hand, group II given aflatoxin B1 with antitoxin showed a significant relative weight and
increase in RBCs, WBCs, Hb in relation to aflatoxicated group but non significant increase in PCV
value but were still lower than the control one.
Aflatoxin B 1 produced lymphopenia, basopenia, oesinopenia, monocytosis and heterophilia. However,
picture was improved in group II given antitoxin with aflatoxin B 1.
Aflatoxin B 1 resulted in significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin and globulin levels
but all ofthen showed significant increase in group given antitoxin with aflatoxin B 1 in omparison
with aflatoxicated one.
Regarding to the effect of aflatoxin B 1 in biochemical parameters that there were a significant
increase in serum alkaline phosphatase, aspertate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase,
direct and total bilirubin, but the group II treated with antitoxin with aflatoxins, showed a
significant decrease of them than the aflatoxicated group and aflatoxin Bl showed significant
increase in urea and creatinin serum level. While the group II treated with antitoxin with aflatoxin B 1 showed a significant decrease of then
than the aflatoxicated group I.
Aflatoxin B 1 showed significant lowered the haemagglutination antibodies titer against Newcastle
disease virus (NDVV) vaccine also antibodies titer against infectious bursal disease (IBDV) and
infectious bronchitis disease, vaccines (IBV) meanwhile group given aflatoxin with antitoxin showed
elevation in antibodies titers against (NDVV), IBDV and IBV in comparison with aflatoxicated
group I but still lower than control one.
Aflatoxin B1 induced pale friable liver with radish area which became patches of necrotic foci
after 6 weeks, the boundy of liver became rounded, gall bladder enlarged and engarged with bile.
The intestine were haemorrhagic and enlargement of bursa of fabricius was observed. Then became
smaller in size with petechial haemorrhage after 6 weeks of age, pale kidney with white cord like
ureters was also observed. Antitoxin treated group II with aflatoxin showed congested liver and
less enlarged gall bladder than the aflatoxicated group I, bursa of fabricius were enlarged with
slight congestion also kidney showed sever congestion.
Alatoxin B 1 caused diffused hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, diffused fatty changes,
lymphocytic aggregation, focal area of necrotic hepatocyte, congested portal area and hyperplasia
of epithelial lining of bile duct were seen.
Kidney showed cloudy swelling of renal tubules, shrankage of glomeruli, pyknosis, hyperplasia of
epithelial lining of ureter, congested renal blood vessels and focal area of lymphocytic
aggregation but group II showed focal renal tubular degeneration, congested renal blood vessels.
Bursa of fabricius in group I showed sever lymphoid depletion,
diffuse epithelial lining desquamation interfollicular oedema, infiltrated by inflammatory
cells, but group II slight lymphoid depletion and focal desquamation of epithelial lining .and
focal hyper plasia were detected.
Thymus in. group I showed necrosis with multiple areas of haemorrhage were recorded, while group II
showed slight lymphoid depletion.
Spleen m group I showed oedematus blood vessels with proliferation of epithelial lining, sever
lymphoid depletion, while spleen of group II showed focal areas of haemorrhage with focal lymphoid
depletion.
Brain in group I showed diffused neural degeneration ineurophagia and cerebral encephalomylia. The
group I also showed cardiac muscle cell hyalinization, prevascular oedema, congested blood
vessels and inflammatory cell aggregation. These lesions were observed in the group II but in less
degree.
Residues:
Investigate the residues of Aflatoxin in chickens muscles to detect the harzard of health for
consumption of naturally aflatoxicated chickens in the field by poor quality com and soybean and
mixed poultry feed, as meat of chickens considered a cheap source of protein than other
and more popular where Egyptian peoples, we found that aflatoxins residues were AFB 1 & AFB2 and
AFG 1 were higher than the permisable limit in. Egypt, and in the breast muscle higher than
the thigh muscles. Also, given antitoxin could be prevent aflatoxin residues or at least reduce
it.