الفهرس 
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Abstract
Primary purpose for performing a root canal procedure is to relieve the dental pain. Unfortunately, certain aspects of the root canal procedure may introduce interappointment pain in the same tooth. Interappointment pain is almost exclusively due to the development of acute inflammation at the periradicular tissues in response to an increase in the intensity of injury coming from the root canal system.
Recently single file concept in cleaning and shaping of root canal was introduced to decrease time the consumption. Based on such evidence it was thought that evaluation of the relation between number of files used during cleaning and shaping and amount of extruded debris and their relation with postoperative pain is of value.
The study is divided into 2 parts, one in vitro was dealing with comparing amount of debris exruded after mechanical with one shape and protaper and the other in vivo was dealing with comparing pain after mechanical using the two systems.
In vitro part, twenty extracted maxillary first premolar buccal canals were divided into two equal groups (one shape
&protaper ). Canals were then cleaned, shaped and debris extruded during instrumentation were collected into pre weighed Eppendorf tubes. The Eppendorf tubes were then stored in an incubator at 37°C for 5 days. The Eppendorf tubes were weighed to obtain the final weight of the Eppendorf tubes when the extruded debris will be included.
In vivo part, forty patient with exposed maxillary vital first premolars were divided into groups according system used during treatment (one shape &protaper)and then after completing cleaning and shaping, All patients were evaluated for post
cleaning and shaping pain by VRS (Verbal Rating Scale )that was explained to patients. The patients checked in a questionnaire indicating the intensity of pain 3 times at 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h interval .
The data collected were statistically analysed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student– t test at a significance level of P<0.05