الفهرس 
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Abstract
The main focus of this thesis is to examine the translation of Radwa Ashour’s novel Specters from a pragmatic-cultural perspective. The tools used in this thesis involve equivalence theory and Speech Acts theory. An analytic examination of these tools will be followed by an application on the above mentioned novel. The thesis concludes that cultural differences cause many difficulties that need to be identified and overcome by the translator in order to be able to convey the source text into the target language to the target reader. Speech Act theory and equivalence are among the tools that help the translator perform his task.Equivalence has played a crucial, yet controversial role, in translation. Theorists argued among each other whether equivalence is to be sought with regard to form or content. In this regard, Nida argues that formal equivalence focuses on the form and content of the message, whereas dynamic equivalence focuses on rendering the expression as natural as possible. Nida was in favor of dynamic equivalence. Speech acts are first introduced by Austin distinguishing them into three categories: locutionary, perlocutionary, and illocutionary acts. Theorists have devised numerous forms of translation replacing the text in the source language by an equivalent in the target one.