الفهرس 
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Abstract
Laryngoscopy and intubation are associated with cardiovascular changes such as hypertension, tachycardia, dysrhythmias and even myocardial ischemia, as well as increased circulating catecholamines and may lead to cerebral hemorrhage.
Several techniques have been proposed to prevent or attenuate the haemodynamic responses following laryngoscopy and intubation, such as deepening of anaesthesia, pretreatment with vasodilators such as nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and opioids.
Labetalol, which has selective alpha-1-adrenergic and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist properties, has been shown to blunt haemodynamic responses immediately following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation and in the immediate postoperative period. The previous studies have indicated that low doses (10 mg or 0.125mg/kg) of labetalol may blunt the heart rate response, while a high dose (1 mg/kg) attenuates both heart rate and MAP responses to laryngoscopy and intubation at the expense of post intubation hypotension.
The aim of this study was to compare some haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation using intravenous labetalol in different doses in controlled hypertensive patients.
The study was carried out in Alexandria Main University Hospital on fifty four patients, ASA class II, controlled hypertensive of both sexes, scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation.
All the patients received 2 color coded syringes before induction of anaesthesia each over 20 seconds and ending 5 minutes prior to intubation , the first syringe contained fentanyl at a dose 2µg/kg added to normal saline in 10 ml syringe and the other syringe contained the test drug (labetalol) added to normal saline in 10 ml syringe.