الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli has been studied for decades because of its economic importance on the poultry industry in Egypt. Currently, the zoonotic importance and its multi-drug resistance have been increased.
As a result of MDR, the number of the studies that depended on use of the herbal plant extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria has been increased and has shown the high potential of them to control a large number of pathogens.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial activities of some herbal plant extracts (moringa, clove and garlic) compared to antimicrobial drugs to be used as alternative natural agents against multidrug-resistant E.coli isolates by using agar well-diffusion method. The MIC of garlic and consequently its SIC (the concentration of garlic that did not inhibit E.coli growth after 24 hr. incubation at 37ºC) were also calculated by a modification of broth macrodilution method. Additionally, to put a spot light on the importance of some virulence factors which play an important role in the pathogenesis of E.coli via screening their targeted genes and mRNA expression profile before and after garlic treatment using RT-PCR, as well as rt-PCR.
A total of 245 samples collected from different organs of diseased chickens (Intestin, liver and heart) with a history of.