الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 191 |  |  |
| | | from | 191 | | |
Abstract
Polymerizable surfactants (surfmers) are surfactants containing unsaturated groups through
which they can undergo polymerization reactions as co monomers
Emulsion polymerization is one of the most important techniques for preparing
polymers from an industrial point of view. In emulsion polymerization, carried out to obtain
film forming latexes (useful in water-borne coatings); it is necessary to introduce surfactants
in the polymerization recipe in order to control both the size of the particles and the stability
of the latexes. These amphephelic molecules may migrate through the matrix upon film
formation and affect the overall properties of the final polymeric material such as adhesion,
water sensitivity, and gloss. Migration of these molecules may also lead to their association
and agglomeration leading to phase separation and an increase in the anisotropy in the final
polymer that may affect its mechanical properties. The use of polymerizable surfactants can
avoid these issues as they can deliver the amphephelic properties of standard surfactants and
can also chemically interact (e.g., covalently bound) with the growing polymer chains.
Water- soluble polymers (also commonly referred to as “thickeners” or “rheology modifier”)
are widely used in many industrial water-born systems as additives to modify their flow
behavior Which is synthesized by copolymerization of acrylates (acrylic acid methacrylic
acid ethyl acrylate, acrylamide ….etc.)
In this work many polymerizable surfactants have been prepared and used as co-monomers in
emulsion polymerization reactions to produce hydrophobically modified alkali-swellable
emulsion, used as thickening agents. The structure of polymerizable surfactant and
preparation conditions were changed to achieve the best structure and conditions to prepare a
polymerizable surfactant, used to produce a thickener giving better thickening effect and low
precipitation during polymerization and can be used for paints and textile printing competing
the corresponding market product.
There are ten series have been performed to prepare surfmer samples, used to prepare their
corresponding thickener samples.
1-The 1st series (SA) involves studying the effect of esterification type where the direct
method leads to a thickener (TSA1) which gives higher thickening effect and lower
precipitation during polymerization.
2-The 2nd series (SB) involves studying the effect of esterified acidic monomer type where
MAA gives surfactant methacrylate leading to a thickener (TSA1) which gives higher
thickening effect and lower precipitation during polymerization.
3-The 3rd series (SC) involves studying the effect of esterified surfactant fatty chain length
where cetostearyl (mixture from C16H33 and C18H37) ethoxylate gives a surfmer (SC2) leading
to a thickener (TSC2) which gives higher thickening effect and lower precipitation during
polymerization.
4-The 4th series (SD) involves studying the effect of esterified surfactant ethoxylation
number where 29 ethoxylate surfactant gives Emuldac AS 25 methacrylate (SD4) leading to a
thickener (TSD4) which gives higher thickening effect and acceptable precipitation ratio
during polymerization.
5-The 5th series (SE) involves studying the effect of MAA: AS25 molar ratio where the ratio
3.5: 1 respectively gives high yield of AS25-methacrylate and thus leads to a thickener
(TSE5) which gives higher thickening effect and lower precipitation during polymerization.
6-The 6th series (SF) involves studying the effect of esterification temperature where the
esterification at 120oC gives high yield of AS25- methacrylate and thus leads to a thickener
(TSF2) which gives higher thickening effect and lower precipitation during polymerization.
7-The 7th series (SG) involves studying the effect of inhibitor ratio where the ratio of 0.2 g /
19.6 g MAA gives AS25- methacrylate with low inhibitor content and low polymerization
danger during esterification and thus leads to a thickener (TSG3) which gives higher
thickening effect and lower precipitation during polymerization.
8-The 8th series (SH) involves studying the effect of esterification catalyst type where the
esterification using methane sulfonic acid (MSA) gives high yield of AS25- methacrylate and
thus leads to a thickener (TSH2) which gives higher thickening effect and lower precipitation
during polymerization.
9-The 9th series (SI) involves studying the effect of MSA ratio where the esterification with
the ratio of 2.5 g MSA per 19.6 g MAA gives high yield of AS25- methacrylate and thus leads to a thickener (TSI2) which gives higher thickening effect and lower precipitation
during polymerization.
10-The 10th series (SJ) involves studying the effect of esterification time where performing
esterification in four hours gives high yield of AS25- methacrylate and thus leads to a
thickener (TSJ2) which gives higher thickening effect and lower precipitation during
polymerization.
AS25-MA is the surfmer chosen after these 10 series. It is the best prepared surfmer whence
its structure and preparation conditions.
The following words clearly define AS25-MA:
Emuldac AS25 is directly esterified for 4 hours with MAA at 120oC with the molar ratio of 1:
3.5 respectively, using MSA as a catalyst with the ratio of 2.5 g per 19.6 g MAA and
hydroquinone as an inhibitor with the ratio of 0.2 g per 19.6 g MAA.
AS25-MA has lower manufacturing cost as compared with C18 PEG 1105 MA (product of
Evonic company), used for the same purpose.
11-The 11th series (T) involves studying the effect of monomer ratios where the using of
monomer mixture of EA, MAA and AS25-MA with the ratio of 56:32:12 respectively, based
on total monomer mixture and using NMA as a cross-linker with the ratio of 1.2 g per 1 kg
thickener batch lead to the best prepared thickener sample (T15) that have the higher
thickening effect and lower precipitation during polymerization.
T15 thickener give higher thickening effecting in water than EBCA THICK 30 and Acrysol RM 7
thickeners at many concentrations and thus can be used for thickening of aqueous based
mediums (such as aqueous paint, textile printing, liquid detergents and shampoos) instead of
them and even at lower concentration.
T15 have higher electrolyte resistance than EBCA THICK 30 or Acrysol RM 7 even with
lower concentration of T15, and thus it can be used instead of them in aqueous systems that
contain electrolytes in its content such as shampoos and cosmetics formulas.
T15 Particle size is smaller than that of Acrysol RM7 and its absolute value of zeta potential is
higher than that of Acrysol RM7 but both are from ±40 to ±60, so they have good emulsion
stability but T15 emulsion is more stable T15 has a lower molecular weight and wider Mw distribution than Acrysol but the thickening
effect of T15 is higher. This may be due to the cross-linking.
T15 have a low cost for production 1.017231 USD that enable it to compete in the market.
T15 can be used instead of EBCA Print 38 in textile pigment printing. T15 thickener nearly gives
the same results of color strength and color fastness that obtained by EBCA print 38 in dry and wet tests
with E value less than 1 while ΔE of 1.0 to be the smallest difference perceivable by the human eye, as
well as the lower cost of T15 printing paste than print 38 paste.
T15 can be used instead of sodium alginate in textile reactive printing. T15 thickener nearly gives
the same results of color strength and color fastness that obtained by alginate in dry and wet tests with
E value less than 1 while ΔE of 1.0 to be the smallest difference perceivable by the human eye, as well
as the lower cost of T15 printing paste than alginate paste.
T15 can be used instead of Acrysol RM-7 in paint formula with a lower dosage of T15 than Acrysol to
get nearly the same viscosity and slightly higher glossity of T15 paint than that of Acrysol.