الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as a health concern globally and leads to high rates of morbidity, mortality and healthcare expenditure. CKD is itself an independent risk factor for unfavorable health outcomes that include CVD. Cardiovascular risk in renal insufficiency is perceived as an important public health problem and preventing and curing cardiovascular complications in patients with renal dysfunction is considered a true priority
Prevention and treatment strategies demand precise knowledge of risk factors and of the possibility of modifying them with appropriate treatments. Traditional and non-traditional risk factors for CVD exist in patients with CKD. Traditional factors include smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes which are highly prevalent in CKD patients. Non-traditional risk factors of CKD are mainly uraemia-specific and increase in prevalence as kidney function declines. Some examples of uraemia-specific risk factors that have been well documented include low levels of hemoglobin, albuminuria, and abnormal bone and mineral metabolism.
The purine metabolites constitute a major class of uremic toxins. The most important purine metabolites retained in uremia are uric acid UAC, xanthine, HPX, cytidine, and guanosine.
Key word:
CHF: congestive Heart Failure, CVA: Cerebrovascular Accidents, DVT:Deep Venous Thrombosis,:AV:Arteriovenous