الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed to investigate effect of addition different levels (0, 100, 500 and 1000 µg/ml) from Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) or Arctium lappa L. roots (ALR) extracts, as antioxidants to ram semen extender on sperm characteristics of ram semen preserved at cool temperature (5°C) for 48 hours or room temperature for 4 hours. Also lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity in seminal plasma of ram semen preserved at cool temperature (5°C) for 48 hours were estimated. Four adult Rahmani rams were used. Semen was collected from all rams using an artificial vagina once a week for 8 weeks. Lecithin soybean based-extender was divided into seven portions; control (T1), 100 (T2), 500 (T3) and 1000 (T4) µg MOL extract/ml or 100 (T5), 500 (T6) and 1000 (T7) µg ALR extract/ml extender. In each treatment, percentage of progressive motility (PM), livability (SL), and abnormality (AB) were determined. Also, percentages of spermatozoa having curled tails or chromatin damage were calculated. Polyphenols and flavonoid compounds in MOL or ALR extracts were identified. Concentrations of total antioxidant (TAO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. The main results can be summarized as follows: Phenolic and flavonoid compounds in MOL and ALR extracts: - Both extracts revealed higher content of most phenolic compounds in ALR than in MOL extract, but Pyrogallol compound showed the highest level of phenolic compounds in both MOL and ALR extracts. - ALR extract showed higher contents of Narengenin, Rutin, Quercetin, Apigenin and Luteolin and lower contents of Hisperdin, Romarinic acid, Kampferol and Hesperitin than in MOL extract. Only overall percentages of SL and AB improved (P<0.05), while percentage of sperm with chromatin damage increased (P<0.05) in T7 as compared to T1. Sperm characteristics of ram semen preserved at cool or room temperature: Effect of treatment: - Effect of treatment was significant on all sperm characteristics in semen stored at cool temperature. At cool temperature, only overall percentages of sperm livability insignificantly improved, abnormality significantly (P<0.05) decreased, while percentage of sperm with chromatin damage significantly (P<0.05) increased in T7 as compared to T1 (control). However, overall percentage of sperm motility and curled tail of spermatozoa did not differ significantly in T7 compared with T1. On the other hand, T6 showed significantly (P<0.05) the poorest results than in T1 and other treatments. - At room temperature, only overall percentages of sperm motility and abnormality significantly (P<0.05) improved in T4 and T7 as compared to control (T1) and other treatments. However, other sperm characteristics were not affected significantly by treatment. Effect of storage period: - All sperm characteristics studied showed significantly deleterious effect by advancing storage period. The most change occurred in sperm motility percentage by advancing storage period. Effect of interaction between treatment and storage period: - The insignificant interaction between treatment and storage period on motility, livability, abnormality, curled tail and chromatin damage reflected impact of T7 (1000 µg ALR) on maintaining these characteristics in semen stored for 48 h at cool or room temperature. This effect cleared marked reduction in percentages of motility, livability and curled tail of spermatozoa, which was associated with increase of abnormality and chromatin damage percentages with advancing storage period at cool or room temperature. - Only semen extended with 1000 µg ALR showed the best sperm characteristics after 48 hours of storage at cool or room temperature. Antioxidant capacity and enzyme activity in seminal plasma of preserved semen at cool temperature for 48 h: Effect of treatment: - It is of interest to note that all levels of MOL or ALR extracts resulted in non-significant increase in antioxidant capacity and enzyme activity in seminal plasma of ram semen preserved at cool temperature for 48 h. Generally, MOL extract showed the highest concentration of total antioxidant (T4) and malon-dialdhyde (T3), while ALR extract resulted in the highest activity of acid phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase (T5). Effect of storage period: - Effect of storage period was also not significant on concentration of TAO and MDA as well as ACP and LDH activities, but there was a tendency of increasing TAO and MDA concentrations and decreasing ACP and LDH activities in seminal plasma of stored semen after 48 h storage period.Effect of interaction between treatment and storage period: - Treatment insignificantly interacted with storage period for TAO and MDA concentration and ACP and LDH activities, reflecting an increase in TAO and LDH activity and decrease in MDA concentration and ACP activity in most treatments after 48 h of semen storage. It is of interest to note that T6 showed an opposite trend of most treatments in term of slight increase in MDA concentration and ACP activity as well as decreasing LDH activity by advancing storage period.
In conclusion, the present results showed that adding 1000 µg of Arctium lappa roots extract improved livability and abnormality with appropriate progressive motility and response to HOS-t of spermatozoa in Lecithin soybean based-extender of ram semen preserved at cool temperature (5°C) for 48 hours as compared to un-supplemented or those supplemented with 100 or 500 µg of Moringa oleifera or Arctium lappa.