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Abstract Hend Abd Elrahman Mubarak Mohammed: Biochemical Studies on Moringa Extracts and Their Effects on Hepatotoxicity and Diabetes in Rats. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 2017. Liver toxicity was induced by administration of ethanol, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT) for experimental rats to evaluate the adverse effects of these treatments, and the protective effects of moringa, turmeric and rhubarb extracts. The therapeutic effect of moringa leaf extract against acute hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin in male rats was also evaluated in this study. The protective and therapeutic effects of these plant extracts compared to the adverse effects of the liver toxicants and streptozotocin were monitored through different blood biochemical assays and histological examinations of liver tissues. No significant (p≤0.05) differences were noticed in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes for rats treated with CCl4 + alcoholic extract of moringa leaves compared to the positive control (CCl4 only). It means that alcoholic extract of moringa leaves did not exhibit any protective effect against liver toxicity induced by CCl4 in rats. Conversely, aqueous extract of moringa leaves exhibited marked protective effect against liver toxicity induced by ethanol in rats as indicated by restoring the activities of these enzymes to their normal values. The therapeutic effect of moringa leaf extract against acute hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin in rats exhibited through restoring the levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose to their normal values after 21 days. No significant (p≤0.05) differences were noticed among the levels of serum urea, creatinine and uric acid for all treatments compared to the negative and positive controls. It means that the liver toxicants did not cause kidney injury during the experiment period (30 days). Conversely, the activities of serum ALT, AST and ALP enzymes recorded high levels for the positive controls especially the rats treated with ANIT compared to the negative control. The protective effects of both plant extracts against both liver toxicants occurred by restoring the activities of these enzymes to their normal values. No significant (p≤0.05) differences were noticed among the levels of serum total protein for all treatments compared to the negative and positive controls. Although both of ANIT and CCl4 induced liver toxicity in the positive controls as indicated by the high levels of liver enzymes, the levels of total protein did not record any significant (p≤0.05) differences for the positive controls and all treatments compared to the negative control during the experiment period (30 days). The rats treated with ANIT exhibited high levels of total and direct bilirubin (3.35 and 3.00 mg/dl, respectively) after 48h of first dose only compared to those after 48h of other doses which exhibited in the normal ranges. This may be due to dilation of bile duct as shown in the histological examinations. There were no significant (p≤0.05) differences among the levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for all treatments compared to the controls. It means that both of liver toxicants did not induce heart injury during the experiment period. On the contrary, the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides recorded high values for the positive controls compared to the negative control. The protective effects of both plant extracts against both liver toxicants occurred by restoring the levels of these parameters to their normal values. Histological examinations of liver tissues showed dilation of bile duct, focal necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells infiltration for the positive controls. The protective effects of both plant extracts against both liver toxicants were noticed by appearance of normal hepatic lobule with few inflammatory cells infiltration. It was also noticed appearance of newly formed bile ductuoles by treatment with rhubarb extract against liver toxicity induced by ANIT. Keywords: α-Naphthyl isothiocyanate, Carbon tetrachloride, Ethanol, Hyperglycemia, Liver toxicity, Moringa, Rhubarb, Streptozotocin, Turmeric. |