الفهرس 
Embryology of the heartOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Heart Failure (HF) results when cardiac output is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Over time, decreased cardiac output leads to a cascade of compensatory responses that aimed directly or indirectly at restoring normal perfusion to the body’s organs and tissues. HF in neonates is a progressive clinical and pathophysiological syndrome caused by cardio-vascular and noncardiovascular abnormalities.Apelin is produced from the C-terminal of a pre-proprotein with 77 amino acids encoded by a gene on the q25-26.1 band of chromosome X. Following enzymatic cleavage, pre-proapelin gives rise to fragments of different sizes and localizations. The apelin-APJ system is a novel neurohormonal pathway that is widely represented in the heart and is an important regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis. Apelin causes nitric oxide dependent vasodilatation,reduces ventricular preload and afterload, increases coronary blood flow, and increases cardiac contractility.