الفهرس 
Surgical AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Upper G.I endoscopy was initially used for diagnostic examination of the upper GI tract with biopsies, then began the expansion of therapeutic techniques which continues to the present time. Its relative safety has encouraged its use in elderly patients and those with significant co-morbidity. However it is an invasive procedure which carries with it a range of complications and a small but well recognized mortality. The referring clinician and endoscopist should therefore take care not to consider such procedures as routine.
Pneumoperitoneum, bowel injury, wound infection, necrotizing fasciitis, BBS, peristomal leakage, gastrointestinal ulceration, gastric outlet obstruction, tube dislodgement, post PEG placement diarrhea, tumor implantation at PEG Site.
Pancreatitis, bleeding, perforation, sepsis (acute cholecystitis, liver abscess, ascending cholangitis, infected pancreatic pseudocyst), impaction of retrieval baskets, rare complications (Pneumothorax, hepatic or splenic injury & air embolism).
Many of the complications that occur are preventable. Some relatively simple precautions can be applied in most cases to bring about a dramatic reduction in the incidence of complications.
Take up-to-date medical & drug history, relevant physical examination, respiratory & cardiovascular monitoring, secure the airway, give continuous supplemental O2, give patients their normal anti-hypertensive and/or antianginal therapy, minimize opioid dose used.