الفهرس 
Introduction and Literatures ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chapter one: This chapter contains an introduction about water and its distribution on the planet and different pollutants such as heavy metals. Also, using different techniques on determination of heavy metals using of the optical chemical sensors as a new technique for detection and determination of heavy metals. The components of optical sensors and its fabrication process using different substrates and immobilization technique are summarized. Digital image-based colorimetric analysis has been used as a new technique for the detection and determination of heavy metals. Also, this chapter contains the literatures review of several optical sensors designed for different metal ions detection and determination.
Chapter two: In this chapter, a novel optical chemo-sensor for visual detection of Cu(II) ions in water and biological samples was developed. DDTC/UiO-66 sensor is based on the use of metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66) with its high surface area, morphology and shape in order to obtain a highly sensitive chemo-sensor. Using the designed sensor, the naked eye can detect the ultra-trace of Cu(II) ions in a simple, fast, inexpensive way, which is considered the main demand on the new technologies. Calibration curves were constructed by using two techniques UV-Vis Spectrophotometric and Digital Image-based Colorimetric analysis. In the two techniques, the developed chemo-sensor has a wide range of Cu(II) ion detection up to10-9 mol/L with a very fast response time. DDTC/UiO-66 sensor can be used to determine the concentration of Cu(II) ions in water and biological samples like blood and serum with very effective results.
Chapter three: In this chapter, a novel optical chemosensor for visual detection of Cd2+ ions in water and biological samples was designed. 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) sensor based on the use of mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) with its high surface area, morphology and shape in order to obtain a highly sensitive chemo-sensor. Naked eye can detect the ultra-trace of Cd2+ ion using the developed or designated sensor in a simple, fast and inexpensive way, which they considered the main demands in the new technologies. Two techniques UV–vis Spectrophotometric and Digital Image-based Colorimetric analysis, using two different devices for capturing pictures, were used in calibration curves construction. In those two techniques, the developed chemo-sensor has a wide range of Cd2+ ion detection up to 10−9 mol/L with a very fast response time. PAN sensor can be used to detect and determine the concentration of Cd2+ ions in water and biological samples.