الفهرس 
Cover Page Title in EnglishOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This present study was carried out on 60 calves of both sex from two farms in Alexandria governorate and kafr-Elshiekh governorate, aged (2 -12) month old (with average 5-7 month old) and weighted (100 – 150) kg during the winter of (2014 and of 2015). These calves were divided into two groups, group one include (15) animal were apparently clinically healthy and used as control group While group two include (45) animal which divided into two subgroups: subgroup 1 (30 calves) suffering from signs of upper respiratory affections including cough, nasal discharge and difficult inspiration with normal lung sound. Subgroup 2 (15 calves) suffering from signs of lower respiratory affections including fever, bilateral nasal discharge, cough and abnormal lung sound varied from rales in few cases to hypervesicular sound. .Two blood samples were collected from each animal. 1. coagulated blood sample were used for estimating oxidant / antioxidant status including (MDA, CAT, SOD, GSH and TAC) and for measuring some serum electrolytes including ( Na, K and Cl ) while 2. non-coagulated blood sample were used for hematological analysis and estimating GSH-Px. The results of these studies summarized as following: 1. Hematology analysis in between examined groups: Significant decrease in red blood cell counting and hemoglobin content in both respiratory diseased calves group. high significant decrease in means of both of packed cell volume and mean corpuscular in both respiratory diseased calves group. Non-significant increase in means of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and high significant increase in means of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in both respiratory diseased calves group. Highly significant increase in WBCs count (leukocytosis) including granulocytes and lymphocytes in both respiratory diseased calves group. 2. Oxidant / anti-oxidant status in between examined groups: A high significant decrease in means of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase in both respiratory diseased calves group. A significant decrease in means of glutathione peroxidase in both respiratory diseased calves group. A high significant increase in means of malondialdehyde with significant decrease in total anti-oxidants capacity in both respiratory diseased calves group. 3. Biochemical indices (serum electrolytes) in between examined groups: A high significant decrease in means of serum sodium and chloride and high significant increase in mean of serum potassium in both respiratory diseased calves group. Conclusion & Recommendations: from the results of this study we can conclude: Respiratory disease in calves affects not only the lung function with impairment of gas exchange, but it also has an impact on several other blood constituents and lead to disturbance in serum electrolytes as hyponatremia, hypochloraemia and hyperkalemia CBC is important to be applied for respiratory diseased calves to early treatment of anemia and using white blood cell as infection indicator for early avoiding of poor performance. We propose that oxidative damage, as indicated by an individual animal’s oxidative stress (pro-oxidants/antioxidants) index, is indicative of an animal’s risk to develop disease. We propose the development of an oxidative stress index as an approach in ruminant and veterinary medicine. Administration of antioxidants as vit. E and se in order to reduce the extent of oxidative damage and the related complications is strictly recommended. Administration of iron in treatment of pneumonia to substitute iron trapped in phagocytes. Administration of acidifying agents on ration as sodium bicarbonates to counteract respiratory acidosis beside specific treatment of pneumonia.