الفهرس 
Chapter I: IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
The study area (Kom Ombo temple and its surrounding area) is located at eastern bank of the Nile River’s bend at a distance of about 45 km North of Aswan city and 20 km South of Gebel el Silsilah. It is located at western side of the Kom Ombo graben which is formed during Mesozoic rifting (NW-trending) that affected the Kom Ombo plain during Jurassic- Early Cretaceous due to clock wise rotation in the north and the central Africa due to opening of South Atlantic Ocean. The stratigraphic column at the Kom Ombo plain shows the sediments of Late Miocene at the bottom to Modern River’s deposit at the top. The Kom Ombo temple is situated on Neonile deposit and deep agriculture silt layer.
The recent Kom Ombo temple is back dated to Greco-Roman period which is built from quarry sandstone of Gebel el Silsilah. This quarry of sandstone is considering as one of Nubian sandstone formations (Quesir formation) which was used to build most of temples at the Upper Egypt from the New Kingdom to Greco-Roman period. The recent temple is erected on ruins of unknown ancient town and the old temple ”Per Sobek” which may be back dated to the middle kingdom.
The chemical weathering has a negative impact on mineralogical composition of building materials of the temple (Quartz arenite with traces of clay minerals) where the stone can transformed from a hard, strong and coherent state to a completely disintegrated and weak state. This could lead to complete destruction of the stone in the future.
The study area is surrounded by most Nubian homes, agricultures fields and factories, result in sewage population mass and agriculture drainage which are carried materials have a negative effect on underground water toward the temple. The study area is suffering from subsoil water leakage which has bad impact on the temple stability. This water leakage from the Nile or resulted from the accumulation of irrigation water above an impermeable clay layer causing rising of water table.
Two geophysical techniques (Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)) were conducted at the study area in order to determine the hazards that may affect the stability of the temple and its impact as well as prospecting any buried archeological remains at the surrounded area. The study area has been divided into four main sectors: sector 1 inside temple including the entrance, court, 1st hypostyle hall, 2nd hypostyle hall and three antechambers, sector 2 at the NW side of the temple which contains some archaeological remains, sector 3 at the SW side of the temple contains some archaeological remains and well back dated to roman period and sector 4 at the SE side of the temple next to the hill which contains part of ancient wall back dated to roman period.
GPR scanned different parts of the study area inside the temple as well as the surrounding area using antennas of 270, 80 and 40 MHz of central frequencies to detect subsurface geometry at different depths. ERT profiles were conducted inside the temple only. Sector 1 has been scanned using 137 GPR profiles using antenna of 270 MHz central frequency, twelve GPR profiles using antenna of 80 MHz central frequency and covered by twenty ERT profiles using wenner array. Sector 2 has been scanned with thirty-seven GPR profiles but sector 3 was scanned with 66 profiles using antenna of 270 MHz central frequency. Sectors 2 and 3 were scanned with four GPR profiles using antenna of 40 MHz central frequency. Finally Sector 4 was scanned with fifty-one GPR profiles using antenna of 270 MHz central frequency only. All GPR and ERT raw data are processed using specific programs.
The results of GPR scan showed the presence of anomalous features inside temple as well as the surrounded area. The results of GPR scan indicate the presence of an anomalous feature with geometry like domal structure such as the wide hyperbolic shape (labeled A, Figs. IV.1-IV.2-IV.3-IV.4-IV.6), it extends laterally 50 m and vertically from 3m to 17m. This feature is high resistive and surrounded by conductive materials according to its GPR response. It is founded at sector 1 and extended to sectors 2 and 3. It is interpreted as the construction remains of the old temple ”Per Sobek” according to historical background of this area. The conductive materials are interpreted as saturated alluvium deposits according to its average EM velocity of 0.075 m/ns. Also there are anomalous features like a resistive bed (labeled B, Fig. IV.4) at sector 1 which extends laterally to 25m and vertically from 11m to 14m and interpreted as the foundation bed of the old temple, the small hyperbolic shape (labeled C, Fig. IV.5) at sector 2 which extends laterally to 1m and vertically from 1m to 5m and interpreted as the hole filled with air. There is anomalous feature at sector 4 like overlapped three hyperbolic shapes (labeled E, Fig. IV.7) which is extended vertically from 1.5m to 2.5m and interpreted as extension of existed roman’s wall. Other GPR results indicated the presence of linear, continuous and high amplitude reflector (labeled F, Fig. IV.8) at depth of about 4 - 4.5 m which founded at sectors 1, 2, 3 and 4 and interpreted as the water table.
The results of ERT survey at sector 1 indicated the presence of a body at the center with huge geometry like domal structure with resistivity ranges between 100 and 17587 Ohm.m and surrounded by high conductive materials (1.7-100 Ohm.m). This resistive body may be built from hard limestone according to its resistivity range and interpreted as construction remains of the old temple. According to low resistivity range, the surrounded materials are interpreted as saturated river’s sediments (alluvium deposits). These saturated sediments (water bearing layers) are responsible for rising of groundwater on some parts of the recent temple and affect the outer parts of the old construction remains of the old temple. 3D model is created using Rockworks program to simulating subsurface resistivity distribution (1.7- 17587 Ohm.m) and represent high resistive body beneath the temple and its resistivity range (1000-17587). This body is interpreted as construction remains of the old temple. Depth slices maps are created every -2 m through 3D model and show increasing of the hosted materials conductivity at depth of about 4 m and 6 m which indicated presence of water table at depth about 4 m and affected hosted materials. So the 3D model and ERT results confirmed GPR results in sector 1 in presence of resistive body with geometry like a dome (construction remains of the old temple) which is hosted by conductive sediments (saturated alluvium deposits) and presence of water table at depth of about 4 - 4.5 m which affected hosted materials and outer part of construction remains of the old temple. GPR results at sector 1 indicated presence of resistive bed (foundation bed of the old temple) at depth of about 11m. Also GPR results only confirmed presence of some archaeological remains (extension of existed roman’s wall) at sector 4 and presence of water table at depth of about 4m - 4.5 m at sectors 2, 3 and 4.
The contribution of geophysical techniques in this study leads to the hazards determination and their effects on the stability of the temple. These hazards are:
1- The presence of saturated sediments (water bearing layers) at which hosted the resistive body (construction remains of the old temple which may be built from limestone rock) which could be responsible for rising of the groundwater on some parts of the temple through capillary.
2- If water leakages to resistive body, it will lead to dissolution of this body and sliding the recent temple.
Conclusions:
The study area was subdivided into four main sectors. Sector 1 inside the temple, sector 2 at NW side of the temple, sector 3 at SW side of the temple and sector 4 at SE side of the temple. Sector 1 was covered by Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) while sectors 2, 3 and 4 are covered using Ground Penetrating Radar technique only. Based on the obtained data and its interpretation, the following items are concluding the characterization of each sector:
Sector 1 inside the temple:
The GPR and ERT results indicated presence of:
1- Resistive body (wide hyperbolic shape) with geometry like a dome which extends laterally to 50 m and vertically from 2m - 14m and hosted by conductive materials. This body is built from limestone according to its resistivity range (100-17587Ohm.m) and interpreted as construction remains of the old temple. The hosted materials are interpreted as saturated average soil (alluvium deposits) according to its resistivity range (1.7-100 Ohm.m) and its average EM velocity of 0.075 m/ns.
2- There is water table at depth of about 4- 4.5 m which affected on hosted materials and outer part of construction remains of the old temple. The source of this water is accumulation of irrigation water of surrounded urbanization on impermeable clay layer beneath the temple and rising on some parts of the temple by capillary effect.
Sector 2 at NW side of the temple and sector 3 at SW side of the temple:
According to GPR results only, these sectors characterized by:
1- Presence of small hyperbolic shape (labeled C) at sector 2 which extends laterally 1m and vertically from 1m - 5m and interpreted as hole filled with air result in human activities.
2- Presence of resistive body (wide hyperbolic shape (labeled A)) hosted by conductive materials at sectors 2 and 3 which extends to 50 m laterally and 3m-17m vertically. It is interpreted as construction remains of the old temple which extends from sector 1 to sectors 2 and 3.
3- Presence of water table at depth of about 4-4.5 m.
Sector 4 at SE the temple:
Only GPR results indicated presence of:
1- Anomalous feature of overlapped three hyperbolic shapes (labeled E) which extends 8m laterally and 0.8- 3 m vertically. It is interpreted as extension of existed roman’s wall at the hill.
2- Presence of water table at depth about 4 - 4.5m.
The contribution of geophysical techniques in this study leads to the hazards determination and their effects on the stability of the temple. These hazards are:
1- Saturated sediments (water bearing layers) which hosted the resistive body (construction remains of the old temple which built from limestone) could be responsible for rising of the groundwater on some parts of the temple.
2- If water leakages to resistive body, it will lead to internal dissolution of this body and sliding the recent temple.
Recommendations:
1- The impact of the underground water is representing a dangerous hazard on the temple stability, we recommend to applying soil stabilization regime through drainage system and vertical piles at some locations at outside edges of the temple zone.
2- Development of the irrigation scheme of the cultivated land around the temple area.
3- Monitoring the Nile water level around the temple.
4- Inspecting the structure of the old temple that represents the foundation for Kom Ombo temple as it has an archaeological value. Also, we have find some archaeological signals to south east wall of the temple which require investigation from inspectors at the site.