الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hydration is the missing part in nutritional care of the critically ill patients which have
negative outcomes. Fluids imbalances can be classified Fluid volume deficit is the umbrella
to define dehydration (water loss only), volume depletion and hypovolaemic shock. Fluid
volume excess can be classified into over hydration (water gain only) and hypervolemia.
Factors associated with altered hydration status can be classified into factors
associated with fluid volume excess or deficit; and factors associated with fluid volume
excess that include pathological causes such as renal, liver, and cardiac insufficiency; or
therapeutic causes related to some medications such as corticosteroids or mechanically
ventilation. On the other hand, other factor associated with fluid volume deficit that include
increase insensible fluid loss (fever, infection) or sensible fluid loss (OTT loss, diarrhea) and
decrease fluid intake (fluids restriction, impaired of swallowing).