الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
1. Wound
Wounds are physical injuries that result in an opening of breaking of the skin, and may causean external and internal bleeding(Badduiet al., 2011). Wounds are caused by a type of an external injury(open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (closed wound). Furthermore, wound can be superficial, affecting only the surface of skin or can be deep enough to involve tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones. In pathology, wounds specifically refer to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin. Wound cuts that cause excessive blood loss or those that damage the organs can be fatal(Strodtbeck, 2001).
Although most minor wounds and cuts heal without treatment beyond first aid and home care, some should receive immediate medical attention.
It is expected that the number of chronic wounds will increase worldwide due to the increase of lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. The chronic wounds cause a significant burden to healthcare systems as well as morbidity and mortality to mankind (Kirketerp-Mølleret al., 2010).
2.Woundhealing
Wound healing is a complex process and has been the subject of an interest research for a long time. It is the process whereby the body restores the injured part to as near its normal condition as possible. Also, it is of a body’s natural process for regenerating dermal and epidermal tissue.
Repair of the injured tissues occurs as a sequence of events, which include inflammation, proliferation and migration of different cell types (Sidhu et al., 1998).
Derailment of wound healing however can cause pathological conditions like a hypertrophic scar or chronic wounds and ulcers (Niessenet al., 1999; van der Veer et al., 2009). To understand the etiology of these pathological conditions it is important to understand normal wound healing.
3. Normal wound healing(Fig. 1):
3.a. Phase I: Hemostasis
Formation of a haemostatic blood clot is important in wounds to prevent blood loss, where the blood vessels constrict within seconds after wounding, and the platelets aggregate. This clot is a dynamic matrix of proteins and cells that serve as a temporarily protective shield for the wound, and act as a network for incoming inflammatory cells (Midwoodet al., 2004).
3.b. Phase II: Inflammation
Themost obvious inflammatory cells which remove foreign particles and bacteria from the wound area are polymorphnuclear cells. In the skin, neutrophils appear in the wound site within hours after injury. These cells bind to specific proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) andphagocyte microorganisms, foreign particles and cell.