الفهرس 
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Abstract
Ducks act as natural reservoir of avian influenza and play important role in transmission and distribution of avian influenza and may be the source of human infection. In the present study, sequence analysis of HA gene of nucleotides and Amino Acids for 5 isolates of H5N1 from duck samples collected from live bird market during 2015 in Egypt (Cairo and Giza governorates) indicated that all isolates are closely related to each other and the identity % of such viruses with A/duck/Egypt/F5/2006 ranged between 96.1%- 97%. The phylogenetic analysis of the five isolates indicates their relation to clade 2.2.1.2 and clustered with duck viruses reported in 2014. The study reports the continuous circulation and mutations of H5N1viruses in ducks and their relation to human infection cases reported in 2015.Also, the sequence analysis reports important mutations in sites on the HA gene affecting the receptor binding sites and the increase rate of human infection with such clade in 2015.