الفهرس 
Epidemiology, Risk & Prognostic FactorsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is considered the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second cancer death leading cause in American women (following lung cancer). Despite the advances in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer, 6–10% of affected patients present metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis and 30–40% will develop metastases during the evolution of their disease. Aim of the Work: Firstly to review the literature on endocrine therapy for treatment of hormone receptor positive advanced breast cancer, mechanisms of endocrine resistance and how to overcome them and secondly to analyze retrospectively data of hormone receptor positive advanced breast cancer patients in the last 5 years. Patients and Methods: The department of clinical oncology and nuclear medicine, Ain Shams University hospitals, patients with a histologically and IHC confirmed diagnosis of endocrine positive advanced breast cancer female patients who received endocrine therapy in their metastatic setting during the period from January 2010 to December 2014, were included in this retrospective study. Results: The current study revealed multiple factors that can predict endocrine therapy response such as age, menopausal status, ER expression and site of distant metastasis Conclusion: The current retrospective study together with other clinical studies has changed the focus from a ‘‘one size fits all’’ treatment strategy, to the idea of tailored breast cancer therapies for which new predictive markers are currently being explored. Recommendations: The biological characteristics of breast cancer are important to determine the benefit from endocrine treatment in the metastatic setting, and the assessment of biomarkers from metastatic sites allows for a better prediction of this benefit than from primary tumor features. This indicates that it may be clinically important to biopsy distant metastases to assess hormone receptor and HER2 status whenever possible. Furthermore, this necessitates the identification of novel biomarkers through undergoing multiple studies and their introduction to be standard of care such as gene expression profiling.
Key words: breast cancer, endocrine therapy, hormonal receptors