الفهرس 
Anatomy of the shoulder jointOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The shoulder is anatomically and functionally complex, with substantial diversity of injury in the athlete. MR imaging plays a critical role in the assessment of the shoulder, specifically adding value in assessing the labroligamentous complex. Established concepts such as labral injuries, primary impingement, and entrapment syndromes, as well as novel concepts including secondary subacromial and internal impingements, can lead to substantial disability in the athlete. Imaging features are often subtle, but sound knowledge of the patterns can help avoid overlooking such conditions and can positively impact treatment pathways.
MR arthrography is an effective method for use in the detection and classification of labroligamentous lesions in athletes with acute and chronic shoulder instability. In a substantial number of patients with a long-standing history of instability, classification of lesions was impossible at arthroscopy because of scar tissue formation and advanced degenerative changes in the labroligamentous complex. However, a high percentage of these lesions was also categorized as nonclassifiable at MR arthrography, and imaging features reflected the pathologic changes. Therefore, MR arthrography appears to be useful in preoperative planning of arthroscopic reconstructions, as well as in the identification of patients who might profit from an open rather than an arthroscopic surgical procedure.
Although in comparison MR imaging is still the most expensive imaging method, its high negative predictive value for the diagnosis of different athletic shoulder injuries makes it the preferred imaging modality.
MR arthrography, compared to conventional MR imaging, increases diagnostic accuracy in small partial thickness articular surface tears. Furthermore, MR imaging helps in the differential diagnosis of many other causes of shoulder pain.