الفهرس 
1. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was conducted at Plant Pathology Laboratory and
Greenhouse of Botany department- Faculty of Agriculture-Menoufia
University and Virology Lab- Plant Pathology institute-Agricultural
Research Center-Giza. During 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 growing
seasons, different legum fields at Menoufia Governorate were surveyed
for virus infections. In order to try to reach a security means to resist viral
diseases in legumes without resorting to the use of pesticides or harmful
chemicals within the framework of preserving the environment and public
health and the gradual shift towards development of clean agriculture.
Through, the assessment of diseases incidence and severity of viruses on
bean and faba bean crops.
1. Serological tests (direct and indirect ELISA test, Tissue blot
immunoassay (TBIA) and Dot blot immunoassay (DBIA) ,were used
to check the collected samples against three viruses BCMV , BYMV,
BBMV. All samples were infected with BYMV.
2. The host range of BYMV was studied and indicated that the virus has
short host range, mostly belonging to the leguminous family and some
species belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family and did not prove the
occurrence of some of Solanaceae family.
3. The results indicated that electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR product
show a single fragment of ~ 900 bp. The nucleotide of Egyptian
isolate were compared with eight isolates available in the Gen Bank.
The percentage of similarities was 98% to the Syrian isolate, while it
was ranged from 94-98 % in the other isolates.
4. Study the effects of seven inducers (Sex botanical extracts and
Salicylic acid )in induction systemic resistance (SAR) in bean plants
against BYMV under greenhouse and open field. This part studied the
effect of plant extracts (Dianthus caryophyllus, Glycyrrhiza glabra,
Psidium guajava, Solanium nigrum, Spinacea oleracea and Thymus
vulgaris ) and salicylic acid on the induction process. The bean plants
were sprayed with three concentrations ( extracts 5, 10, 15 %) and
salicylic acid ( 25 , 50, 100 mM). and then BYMV infection on these
plants.
5. Virus infectivity was determined as indicator of control. Reduction in
the disease severity percentage was recorded as result to spraying bean
plants with different treatments, compared with control. Also,
concentration of the virus was biologically assayed as means of local
lesions on indicator plant. Highest inhibition of virus infectivity due to
Dianthus caryophyllus extract (95.8 %), Salicylic acid (91.5%)
Solanum nigrum( 90.5%), Spinacea oleracea (81%), Thymus vulgaris
(68.4%), Glycyrrhiza glabra (65.8 %) and Psidium guajava (42.1%)
extracts, respectively compared with control.
6. Effect of treatments on symptoms and growth of bean plants, it has
been observed that most of treatments led to the emergence of
symptoms on leaves compared to infected plants.
7. Photosynthetic pigments content (as Chlorophyll a, b plus
carotenoids) were reduced, generally in infected plants than healthy
ones. But, when bean treated with the tested elicitors pre-inoculation,
Chl a , Chl b and carotenoids were increased as result to spraying with
different inducers. The same trend was observed when inoculated
plants were treated with the same order of elicitors 8. Peroxidase and Polyphenol oxidase were determined in sprayed bean
plants in three periods of 6 , 13 and 21 days after spraying, using
Spectrophotometer, results were as follows: It found that both
enzymes decreased compared to infected plants to close at its highest
level at 21 days of treatment and infected, while recorded low activity
in healthy plants.
9. Antiviral proteins as one of the protein contents and product of
induction process were markedly increased in treated bean plants than
non-treated ones. Electrophoretic for proteins using SDS-PAGE
showed new protein bands with molecular weight previously known
for antiviral proteins were elicited by different inducers. The clearest
resulting from spray Dianthus caryophyllus extract, where anew
protein band appeared at molecular weight (69 kD) is not present in
healthy and infected plants, as well as the other treatments.
10. Histopathological changes as response to SAR induction was
examined in the inoculated bean leaves and sprayed with inducers
using light microscopy. Tissue alterations were observed as
progressive increase in lignin accumulation in epidermal cells, number
of xylem arma and phloem layers. Mesophyll cell of infected cell,
showing folding and layering of cell wall and remains of host palisade
cell walls.
11. Study of cytological changes revealed large differences between
healthy, infected and induced cells by electron microscope. Generally,
noticed that treated plants were better in their growth than non-treated
plants as result to regularity in their cell walls and increase in the
number of chloroplasts and regularity in shape and size of chloroplasts
compared to cell plant infected with the virus.
12. The trail was carried under field conditions during winter season of
2015, at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University. The
experimental plot size was 6 long and 2 wide, this plot contained 9
ridges of 60 cm width. Each replicate (one ridge with 10 plants), data
revealed that: The virus was found to produce changes in some
physiological and biochemical components of bean leaves. Including
reduction in chlorophyll pigments, peroxidase and polyphenol
oxidase. Data concerning the antiviral activity of plant extracts and SA
acid against BYMV, and showed that, all treatments increased the
content of photosynthetic pigments, compared with infected control.
And decreased the activity of enzymes compared with infected plants.
13. Study of some vegetative characters and the yield, under the field
conditions, found that viral infection lead to a decrease in production
as well as a decrease in leaf area of plants compared to healthy plants.
But, when bean treated with the tested elicitors pre-inoculation, leaf
area and the yield (The dry weight of total pods and the dry weight of
total seeds and) were increased as result to spraying with all inducers,
compared to non-treated infected plants.