الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
seven species of fishes, belonging to one Familiy cyprinidae (Order:Cypriniformes) were molecule-genetically studies, using ISSR-PCR and SDS-page analysis.
The results of ISSR-PCR analysis were compared with those obtained from the classical methods in taxonomy using morphological and anatomical characters, the following is a summary of the results.
Order:Cypriniformes
Family:Cyprinidae
1-Puntius semifasciolatus
This sample produced different ISSR band patterns number of 62 bands ranged in size from 79 bp in the primer (ISSR15) to 955 bp in (ISSR8). The generated bands ranged in number from 2 in (ISSR10) to 12 in (ISSR15).
2-Pethia nigrofasciatus
This sample produced different ISSR band patterns number of 62 bands ranged in size from 79 bp in the primer (ISSR15) to 955 bp in (ISSR8). The generated bands ranged in number from 2 in (ISSR1- ISSR12) to 11 in (ISSR15).
3-Barbonymus schwanenfeldii
This sample produced different ISSR band patterns number of 48 bands ranged in size from 79 bp in the primer (ISSR15) to 955 bp in (ISSR8). The generated bands ranged in number from 2 in (ISSR1-ISSR12) to 7 in (ISSR9-ISSR15).
4-Puntius conchonius
This sample produced different ISSR band patterns number of 61 bands ranged in size from 79bp in the primer (ISSR15) to 689 bp in (ISSR11). The generated bands ranged in number from 2 in (ISSR8-ISSR12) to 11 in (ISSR16).
5-Puntius oligolepis
This sample produced different ISSR band patterns number of 53 bands ranged in size from 79 bp in the primer (ISSR15) to 1185 bp in (ISSR10). The generated bands ranged in number from 1 in (ISSR12) to 13 in (ISSR15).
6-Puntius tetrazone
This sample produced different ISSR band patterns number of 60 bands ranged in size from 79 bp in the primer (ISSR15) to 1185 bp in (ISSR10). The generated bands ranged in number from 2 in (ISSR3) to 11 in (ISSR16).
7-Brachydanio rerio
This sample produced different ISSR band patterns number of 56bands ranged in size from 99 bp in the primer (ISSR15) to 1000 bp in (ISSR1). The generated bands ranged in number from 1 in (ISSR3) to 9 in (ISSR15-ISSR16).
Genetic distance was lowest between Pethia nigrofaciata and Brachydanio rerio, while highest between Puntius semifasciolatusy and Pethia nigrofasciata .Genetic similarity index was from 31%to 82% (table 15).
The phylogenetic seven constructed from genetic distance between seven species and relationship showed in the following figure.
Fig.(18): Dendrogrm for seven species of fishes constructer from the ISSR data using similarity matrices computed according to dice coefficient.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) technique.
The protein analysis by SDS page produced 29 bands in all seven species .In Puntius semifaciolatus produced 28 bands their size ranged from 11 KD to 132 KD , in Pethia nigrofasciatus produced 28 bands their size ranged from 11KD to 132 KD ,in Barbonymus schwanenfeldii produced 28 bands their size ranged from 11KD to 132 KD , in Puntius conchonius produced 26 bands their size ranged from 11 KD to 132 KD, in Puntius oligolepis produced 24 bands their size ranged from 11 KD to 132 KD ,in Puntius tetrazone produced 27 bands their size ranged from 11 KD to 132 KD, and Brachydanio rerio produced 26 bands their size ranged from 11 KD to 132 KD (Table16,17).
The number of monomorphic protein bands was 21,while the number of polymorphic protein bands was 8, with polymorphic 27% (Table16).