الفهرس 
Anatomy of thyroid gland and pathophysiology of thyroid diseasesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
An intimate knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and specific issues related to anesthesia case management for thyroidectomy is essential to provide high-quality care. Airway management may be difficult despite a normal airway examination due to impingement of a thyroid mass on the laryngeal and tracheal structures. Anesthetists must be prepared to use emergency airway adjuncts in case
a patient cannot be ventilated or intubated. Because sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity is associated with increased amounts of thyroid hormone, it is essential that all patients having an elective thyroidectomy
be in a euthyroid state before surgery. Postoperatively, numerous complications can develop that include hemorrhage, laryngeal edema, nerve palsies, tracheomalacia, hypocalcemic tetany, pneumothorax, etc,. The present review aims at an in depth analysis of potential risk factors and challenges during administration of anesthesia and possible complications in patients with thyroid disease.
Conclusion: Anesthesia for thyroid surgery requires an anesthetist who
is experienced in the recognition, assessment and management of a potentially difficult, shared airway, in a patient who may also have significant co-morbidity. Neuromonitoring during thyroidectomy is effective in providing identification and function of laryngeal nerves. Higher rates of complications have been associated with inexperienced thyroid surgeons, malignant disease, and repeat surgery for recurrent thyroid disease. Typically, initial surgeries carry a significantly lower morbidity rate than revision surgery.