الفهرس 
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Abstract
In terms of the importance of the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez (GOS) due to potential exploration of petroleum resources and their unique structures in the ocean hydrology and circulation system, this study aims at developing an integrated remote sensing and mathematical modeling approach to characterize their hydrodynamic features of the Northern Red Sea and Gulf of Suez. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Surface Wind (SW) are considered as the most important components in air-sea interactions. The first part of the thesis focuses on studying the relations between SST, SW and various ocean characteristics in the Northern Red Sea (NRS) during the period 2000-2014. Moreover, SST fronts were mapped using Cayula and Cornillon algorithms. The analysis was performed using available remote sensing and reanalyzed data together with 1/12° HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) outputs. The study results indicated that the remotely sensed, reanalyzed, and global circulation model results databases used could be implemented as relevant tools in investigating the local oceanic features of the NRS. Seasonal-Trend decomposition using Loess (STL) was applied for trends analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was run for the atmospheric parameters. SST, SW speed (SWS) together with Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration changes. As for the second part of the thesis, it aims to develop a one-way coupling between atmospheric and hydrodynamic models for the GOS, to understand the GOS local oceanic characteristics. The Regional Climate Model system (RegCM4) is used to simulate moderate resolution atmospheric characteristics (12 km x 12 km x 18 vertical levels). RegCM4 results are used to force hydrodynamic model (Delft3d) with a spatial grid of 1.1 km and 15 vertical levels. The results indicate that the calculated water level, temperature, and evaporation follow the in situ measurements, remotely sensed data, and reanalysis data well. The results indicate that the annual SST is averaged 23 oC, while the annual average of evaporation rates is 8.02 mm/day. The study suggests that the water level displays a marked seasonal and spatial variation. Moreover, the water balance in the Gulf of Suez was controlled by the difference between inflows and outflows through the Straits of Gubal and by net precipitation. In addition, the water balance indicated a net loss (due to evaporation) of approximately 3.9*10-3 m of water during 2013. Moreover, the exchange through the Straits of Gubal showed a two-way exchange with a net inflow of 0.0007 Sv, where the outflow dominated the surface layer and along the western coast and the inflow dominated the lower layers and along the middle of the Straits. Finally, the one-way coupling modeling technique proved to be a reasonable tool for studying local features of the GOS region. In the context of the Red sea importance to tourism that depends on the natural resources especially the diversity of Egyptian coral reefs, local coral bleaching monitoring framework was applied in the third part of the recent study to investigate the threats. The target area included the six richest spots of coral reefs in terms of bio-diversity and tolerance to various stresses. Assessment of the applicability and accuracy of remotely sensed SST data in the region were assessed by comparing them with in-situ measurements. The annual and seasonal SST trends have been investigated. Twenty-three years (1990-2013) of SST data were used to assure accurate estimation of the Monthly Maximum Mean (MMM) of SST Climatology. In addition, the Hot Spots were calculated for each location during last 23 years. A thermal stress index Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) was obtained in order to assess the accumulative effect of heat stress. This work suggests the bleaching threshold limit for each location based on the long-term analysis. The thermal analysis results were in good agreement with the recorded bleaching events (2010 and 2012). Moreover, they revealed some historical events that weren’t recorded properly.