الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study showed that the buffalo ileum was composed tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The mucosa consists of villi and crypt. The ileal villi are few, narrow and short. They consisted of simple columnar epithelium, which are three main types of cells, The absorptive columnar cells, the goblet cell and the enterendocrine cells. The absorptive columnar cells (enterocytes) that possess a prominent striated (brush) border. There are two types of enterocytes:
Dark eneterocytes that characterized by small size and darkly stained cytoplasm with apical microvilli and more spherical mitochondria than in the light enetrocytes.
light enetrocytes that characterized by larger size than, the dark enterocytes and they have many mitochondria and light stained cytoplasm. There are Junctional complexes, located between the neighboring enterocytes at the luminal surface (tight junction and desmosome.).
At the age of 1-3 years old buffaloes the apical surface of the enterocytes contains more clear terminal web especially in the young ages. the enterocytes have electron dense cytoplasm contains several shapes of mitochondria (spherical to oval in shape), it characterized by presence of, ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
from 40-60 days old calves the enterocytes infiltrated with lymphocytes
The goblet cells have basal nuclei and prominent microvilli obscured by mucus it contains magnta staining mucigen granules. which characterized by presence of large mucous granules.
The goblet cells have two types according their structure. the first one contains mucous granules. In the other type the mucous granules contain electron dense granules.
The lamina propria consists of loose connective tissue rich in blood and reticular fiber networks which extended to the epithelial layer.
Single lymphatic capillary (lacteal), is located centerally in the core of the villi. The lamina muscularis consists of thin layer of circular smooth muscle fibers, with intestinal glands.
Near the basal portion of the intestinal glands the enteroendocrine cells were found and they are spherical to oval in shapes. their cytoplasm had secretory granules varied in size, shape with different electrone density located at the basal cytoplasm.
The intestinal crypt is the base of the intestinal villi it contains Paneth cells which are differentiated secretory cells contain relatively secretory granules,
The tunica submucosa consists of connective tissue layer with prominent collagen and reticular fibers. Aggregated Lymphatic nodules (Peyer’s patches) observed in the submucosa of the buffalo ileum on the antimesentric side. The nodules were oval to elongate elliptical in shapes they consisted of submucosal lymphatic nodules, corona, interfollicular region and the dome.
The epithelium covering the domes of Peyer’s patches consists of folliclular-associated epithelial cells (FAE) which lacks goblet cells.
The M cells have a numerous microfolds in the luminal sufaces and they wedged between the enterocyte.
The tunica tuscularis consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers in all age group.
The tunica serosa consists of a layer of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
This is related to the age related physiological changes included all the immune system of the body.