الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
This study was carried out at the Genetics Department, Faculty of
Agriculture, Ain Shams University, during the period from 2010 to 2017.
The field experiment was performed in National Center for Radiation
Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA),
Cairo, Egypt. The laboratory experiments were distributed among
NCRRT, Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt, and the
Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.
The objectives of this investigation were to study the effect of gamma
irradiation on some economic yield-related-traits and the major active
ingredients of Moringa oleifera medicinal plant, and developed of
molecular markers at the level of DNA and enzymes.
Dry seeds of the Moringa oleifera were irradiated with different
gamma ray doses (0, 20, 40 and 60 Gy). The effect of gamma irradiation
was examined for 12 yield-related traits; stem height (cm), stem diameter
(cm), number of branches/plant, length of branch (cm), fresh leaves
weight/plant (g), fresh stem weight/plant (g), fresh roots weight/plant (g),
whole plant fresh weight (g), dry leaves weight/plant (g), dry stem
weight/plant (g), dry roots weight/plant (g) and whole plant dry weight (g)
for two seasons in a row.
The results could be summarized as follows:
1. The data of yield parameters showed a significant increase usig gamma
irradiation compared with the control for both the number and length
of branches and the weight of leaves, stems and roots either in fresh or
dried conditions. Stem length showed significant increase at 40 and 60
Gy doses. While, no significant effect was shown for stem diameter for
the individual plants.
2. The total content of phenols compounds (TPC) / plant showed
significant increase with the used doses compared with the control.
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SUMMARY
Hanan M. Mansour, (2017), Ph.D., Fac. Agri., Ain Shams Univ.
The 40 Gy dose treatment recorded the highest value compared with
the control and other doses.
3. Gamma irradiation showed different effects on amino acids content.
most of amino acids showed increase with gamma ray, especially 20
and 40 Gy doses while the 60 Gy doses showed contents of the amino
acids that consistent with which found in the control samples.
4. Aspartic, serine, tyrosine and phenylalanine showed increasing with
both 20 and 40 Gy doses twice compared with the control, the amino
acids; glutamic, glycine and alanine showed highly increase that three
or four times more than their ratio in the non-irradiated leaves samples
and more than ten times for proline amino acid.
5. Five antioxidants enzymes (PPO, POD, CAT, SOD and PAL) were
examined for their activity for both irradiated and non-irradiated
Moringa oleifera leaves in two different stages of maturity (pre and
post-flowering). Gamma irradiation showed substintial influence on
enzymes activity through the two maturity stages.
6. Three plants were selected from each treatment in addition to control
plant to examine individually for their phytochemical compounds
profile using GC-MS analysis. The results of ethanolic extraction of
Moringa oleifera leaves showed a wide range of differences between
irradiated samples between or within the same dose treatment as
compared to the control.
7. For non-irradiated (control) sample, 29 chemical compounds were
identified and ranged between groups; alcohols, phenols, carbonyl
compounds, lipids, steroids compounds, fatty acids and benzenoids.
For example, phytol (7.14%), acetic acid (2.85%), alpha- tocopherol ”
vitamin E” (2.16%), beta-sitosterol (2.84%), hexadecanoic acid
”palmitic acid” (5.62%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-
ethylhexyl) ester (0.98%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester
”diethyl phthalate (DEP)” (2.49%), fucosterol (2.24%), decanoic acid
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SUMMARY
Hanan M. Mansour, (2017), Ph.D., Fac. Agri., Ain Shams Univ.
”n-capric acid” (25.1%) and octanoic acid ”caprylic acid” (2.15%).
The major total compounds were classified as fatty acid compounds.
8. All irradiated samples showed decreasing in the total ratio of fatty
acids compounds compared with control5 The results showed
unsymmetrical distribution for the various fatty acids compounds
between the samples. A number of fatty saturated and non-saturated
fatty acids could be found in some irradiated samples although it was
not detected in the control.
9. Both 4H - pyran- 4- one ,2,3-Dihydro- 3 - 5- dihydroxy- 6 - methyl
and Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl) compounds not only
recorded as new compounds that shown in all irradiated samples
while did not found in the control but they found in the high ratios
compared with the other detected compounds.
10. Ten SCoT primers were applied with irradiated and non-irradiated
samples, to detect marker correlated with the appearance of the new
chemicals compounds that detected by GC-MS analysis.
11. Twenty four markers were obtained, nine of them were positive
markers distinctive to the three doses of 20, 40 and 60 Gy, while being
absent in the control sample. Fifteen bands were negative markers that
were distinctive to non-irradiated sample while they were not present
in the irradiated samples. The highest percentage of polymorphism
was obtained with primer S5 (83.3%), while the lowest percentage of
polymorphism was obtained with primer S34 (16%).
12. Isozymes electrophoresis technique was applied to study the different
in isozymes patterns for both PPO and POD antioxidant enzymes in
Moringa oleifera leaves under irradiated and non-irradiated conditions
through two different stages of maturity (pre and post-flowering).
Isozymes patterns for PPO showed increase in band numbers and
intensity at 40 and 60 Gy doses compared with the corresponding
control at pre-flowering stage. The 20 Gy dose showed increase in
48
SUMMARY
Hanan M. Mansour, (2017), Ph.D., Fac. Agri., Ain Shams Univ.
band numbers and intensity, while both 40 and 60 Gy doses showed
increase in band intensity only at the post-flowering stage.
13. Isozymes patterns for POD showed increase in band numbers and
intensity at 40 and 60 Gy doses compared with the corresponding
control at pre-flowering stage, the similar results were shown with 20
and 40 Gy doses showed increase in band numbers and intensity,
while both 40 and 60 Gy doses at the post-flowering stage.
14. Gamma radiation (≤ 60 Gy) can be a used to improve vegetative traits
and phytochemical contents of the moringa leaves. In this respect, the
results obtained might represent a starting step for further work to
study the mutation induced in Moringa by gamma irradiation, in
addition to study the new compounds that must be examined for
discover the pharmaceutical properties of them.