الفهرس 
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Abstract
The agriculture is a dominant contributor to economic growth in Egypt. The increase in global food demand has resulted in a significant increase in the use of pesticides in agriculture. In developing countries, extensive use of pesticides has led to several toxicological implications in humans. The present study had been designed to evaluate the effect of daily and intermittent oral administration of three insecticides of different groups (profenofos, lambada cyhalothrin and chloroantraniliprol) on the adult albino rat testis. Animal grouping were designed to evaluate the effect of each insecticides if administered on a continuous or intermittent basis. After that, the testes were dissected out and their volume and weight were measured. Primary, subjective examination of testis biopsy showed pathological changes including sloughing, disorganization and thinning of epidermis. However, it was hard to decide the exact degree of pathology exerted by each insecticide. This is due to lacking of objective numerical values. Various morphometric measures were then conducted on obtained sections. These are S.T diameter, S.T surface area, seminiferous epithelium thickness, seminiferous epithelium surface area and lumen surface area. Also, electron microscope examination was performed to evaluate the detailed changes on the level of cell organelles. In our work, the most deleterious effect on the rat testis seen in lambada cyhalothrin treated animals followed by profenofos. In rats administered lambada cyhalothrin, there was no significant difference between the daily and the intermittent groups. In profenosos treated groups, the daily treated group has more deleterious effect than the intermittent treated group in both epithelial thickness and epithelial surface area. Lastly, the least deleterious effects on the rat testes were observed by chloroantraniliprole treated groups in comparison with profenofos, lambada cyhalothrin. In addition, the chloroantraniliprole intermittent treated group was significantly less harmful than the daily treated group. In conclusion, chloroantraniliprole has the least deleterious effect on the rat testes followed by profenofos and lastly lambada cyhalothrin which has more degenerative and hazardous effect on the S.T germ cell. Morphometric analysis gives objective results allowing quantitative descriptions of the deleterious effects of insecticides on rat testis. Also, the collected numerical data were easily statistically analyzed and ready to be compared with other studies. Morphometry is supports the subjective finding by light microscope. Electron microscopic findings were complementary and explanatory to the finding of the other two methods. We recommend more studies on a wide range of rats and also on other organs as live spleen and kidney. Also, we recommend to do survey study on the farmers who use these insecticides to observe any statistical infertility rate. We recommend enhancing production of newer insecticides that are more save on human as well as farm animals.