الفهرس 
Anattomy off tthe Kiidney and UretterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Urolithiasis (UL) is one of the most common diseases, with worldwide increasing incidence and prevalence, affecting 3-5% of the population in developed countries. The processes by which stones form in the urinary system are complex and multifactorial, and remain incompletely understood. Management of urolithiasis varies from simple clinical observation and medical expulsive therapy to the use of refined endourologic techniques to extract the stone. The therapeutic technique currently available comprises ureteroscopy with or without the need for intracorporeal lithotripsy, percutaneous therapy, (PCNL) extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and surgical modalities.