الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The discovery and application of antibiotics has been a great
success story leading to decreased morbidity and mortality caused by
bacterial infections. But unfortunately, bacteria became rapidly
resistant to several classes of antibiotics, thereby hampering effective
treatment.
However, the imprudent use of antibiotics in therapeutics and as
growth promoters in animal husbandry has led to the increasing
prevalence of ABR worldwide. Also, Spontaneous mutations and the
acquisition of ABR genes by HGT contribute further to the spread of ABR bacteria .Enterococci are Gram- positive cocci that occur in a remarkable array of environments like soil, food, water and a wide variety of Living animals because of their ability to grow and survive under
harsh conditions, although their major habitat appears to be the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT) flora of humans and of other animals where they make up a significant portion of the normal gut flora, but some strains are also important opportunistic pathogens responsible for serious human diseases and nosocomial infections. Enterococci in food might survive intestinal passage and the frequent isolation of ARE in fermented food products implies therefore a risk for the transmission of resistance genes into the human gut microbiota , such transmission might result in an increase of the prevalence and lateral transfer of ABR genes in the gut, thereby constituting an impairment of human health.