الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of mycotoxins in animal and poultry feeds under different environmental variations in summer and winter seasons were investigated. One hundred and six samples of feeds were collected (58 samples during summer and 48 during winter seasons) for detection of aflatoxins (Afs) and ochratoxin contamination. The samples were collected from farms at Beni-Suef governorate in which the animal and poultry suffered from signs of toxicities as vomiting, diarrhea, diminished production of meat and milk and stunted growth. The following results were obtained:
1. Prevalence of aflatoxins in single and compound feeds during summer season at Beni-Suef governorate
The incidence and levels of aflatoxins (Afs) residues in animal feeds during summer season ere comparatively higher than in winter season. Where, the Afs residues were detected in all examined samples of (white corn, wheat bran, barseem hay, poultry feed, concentrated feeds and silage)(100%) during summer season with the mean levels of(56±4.0 ppm , 80±6.0 ppm, 16±00 ppm, 8.3±1.7 ppm, 11.73±1.2 ppm and 32±00 ppm), respectively. Whereas, 72.2% of examined yellow corn samples were contaminated with aflatoxins at the mean level of (16.26±3.2 ppm)
2. Prevalence of aflatoxins in single and compound feeds during winter season at Beni-Suef governorate
In winter season comparatively lower incidence and levels of aflatoxins were detected in samples Where, the Afs residues were detected in samples of (yellow corn, white corn, soya bean, wheat bran, Hay, poultry feed, concentrated feeds and silage, cotton seed cake , dairy feed and broiler concentrates) at the rates of incidence of (16.7%, 50%, 33.3%, 70%, 80%, 60%, 75%,62.5%, 50%0% and 66,6%), respectively. The detected levels of Afs in winter season were also comparatively lower than that detected in summer season, where, the mean levels of detected Afs were (0.8±00 ppm, 1.6±00 ppm, 0.8±00 ppm, 4.4±3.6 ppm, 2.66±1.16 ppm, 0.8±0.22 ppm, 1.8±0.16 ppm, 2.2±0.6 ppm, 1.6±00 ppm, and 00 ppm and 0.8±0.2 ppm), respectively
3. Incidence and Levels of aflatoxins types residues (ppm) detected in feeds during summer season
All types of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) were detected in all positive feed samples for aflatoxins contamination during summer season. Where, 100% of white corn, wheat bran, poultry feeds, concentrated feed and silage samples were contained different types of aflatoxins. While, only (72.2%, 68.4%, 68.4%, 68.4%) of yellow corn samples were contaminated with different types of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) respectively. The samples of hay showed low incidence and levels of different types of aflatoxins, where Af B1 was detected in 100% of samples with the mean level of (8±4 ppm). While, 68.7% of hay samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (B2, G1, G2) with the mean levels of (4±00 ppm) (for these 3 types) .On the other hand, the mean levels of all types of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) were at the top in wheat bran samples (20±4 ppm for each type) in comparison with other examined feed samples during summer season. While, the lower mean levels were detected in poultry feeds (2.92±0.4, 2.35±0.42, 2.27±0.44, 2.27±0.44 ppm) for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) respectively
4. Incidence and Levels of aflatoxins types residues (ppm) detected in feeds during winter season
All types of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) were detected in poultry feed and hay samples during winter season but comparatively lower than in summer season. Where, 60% and 80% of poultry feeds and hay samples were contained AFB1 with the mean levels of (0.26±0.06, 0.86±0.24), respectively beside to other types of aflatoxins. Whereas, AFB1 was detected in (100%, 80%, 75%, 66.6%, 62.5%) of wheat bran, hay, concentrated feed, broiler concentrates and silage samples, respectively. While, 50% of white corn and cotton seed cake, 33.3% of soya bean and 16.6 of yellow corn samples were contaminated with AFB1, respectively.
On the other hand , the mean levels of AFB1 were at the top in wheat bran (4.2±3.8 ppm) , white corn, concentrated feed and cotton seed cake (1.6±00 for each) and silage samples(1.36±0.34 ppm) ,respectively . While, the lower mean levels were detected in poultry feeds (0.26±0.06 ppm) and soya bean samples and broiler concentrates (0.4±00 ppm) for aflatoxins B1, respectively. In addition, the detected levels of aflatoxins in positive samples during different seasons were over the permissible limits that recommended by WHO (1975) (15 ppb) and FAO (1995) & FDA (1999) (20 ppb).Thus its consumption can be resulted a health hazard for human and animal
5. Ochratoxin A residues detected in positive samples in summer season.
The incidence and levels of ochratoxin A residues in feeds during summer season were comparatively higher than in winter season. Where, the OchratoxinA residues were detected in all examined samples of (white corn, concentrated feeds and silage) (100%) during summer season with the mean levels of (10±6.0 ppm, 49.3±14.5 ppm and 16±00 ppm), respectively. Whereas, 83.3% , 50%, 33,3% and 72% of examined yellow corn, wheat bran, barseem hay and poultry feed samples were contaminated with OA at the mean levels of (71.26±11.6 ppm, 40.0±0.0 ppm, 4.0±0.0 ppm and 31.7±7.86 ppm ), respectively (Table,5 and). Figure 4
6. Ochratoxin A residues detected in positive samples in winter season.
Currently, in winter season comparatively lower incidence and levels of OchratoxinA were detected in samples (Table, 6 and figure 4). Where, the OchratoxinA residues were not detected in all samples of (yellow corn, white corn, wheat bran, poultry feed and broiler concentrates) (100%). While, the rates of incidence of OchratoxinA in samples of (soya bean, barseem hay, concentrated feeds, silage, cotton seed cake and dairy feed) were (33.3%, 30%, 60%, 25%, 80% and 50%), respectively with the mean level of (8±00 ppm, 3.66±0.8 ppm, 5±1.0 ppm, 3±1.0 ppm, 4±0.0 ppm and 40±0.0 ppm), respectively.
The detected levels of OchratoxinA in positive samples of feeds were significantly higher than the international limits that recommended by the European Commission (2007) who reported that the permissible limits for ochratoxin A in different Cereal grains and their products should not exceed 0.25 mg/kg (ppm) and 0.05 ppm in other feedstuffs. Thus its consumption can be resulted in a health hazard for human and animal
from the previous results, it is concluded that:
The high incidence of the significant levels of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in feed at summer season rather than winter season as recorded in present study warrants that there is urgent need to undertake mycotoxins awareness creation programs among different foods and feedstuffs in Egypt to secure the bade environmental condition that enhanced mycotoxins production in feed and food. Application of Thin layer chromatography technique for screening of feeds for mycotoxins was found to be still rapid, highly specific, easy to perform and cost effective method to assist creation of such programs and reduction of the risk of harmful effects of toxigenic fungi and their toxins to human and farm animals health.