الفهرس 
Anatomy of the urinary bladderOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy affecting the
urinary tract. Urothelial carcinoma is the most prevalent histologic type of
urinary bladder cancers. It is the fourth most common cancer in men and the
ninth most common in women worldwide. In Gharbia government (as an
indicator for rates in Egypt), bladder cancer ranks the third (8.7%) in both
sexes being the second in males (13.6%) and the seventh (3.6%) in females.
It is at least three times more common in males than females. Excessive
exposure to carcinogens, such as cigarette smoke and industrial chemicals,
has been suggested to be a cause of higher incidence of bladder cancer in
men. However, after controlling of these carcinogenic factors, men still have
a substantially higher risk of bladder cancer than women suggesting the role
of sex hormones in initiation and progression of bladder cancer.
Per patient, the cost of bladder cancer management is the highest
among all tumors and the management of bladder cancer has remained
essentially unchanged, with no new efficient treatment options approved
over the past few decades, so it represents an area of a great need for medical
development and research. Data from animal and human studies suggested
the role of sex steroids in the physiological functions of lower urinary tract
and in urothelial carcinoma initiation and progression.
The aim of the current work was to study the immunohistochemical
expression of (AR) and (ERβ) in urothelial carcinoma and correlate their
expression with the known prognostic parameters of urothelial carcinoma to
illustrate their prognostic role.