الفهرس 
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Abstract
Successful breeding of cows increases the reproductive efficiency, and then maximizes the output of milk from dairy herds, thus is achieved in cows with normal calving interval. The reproductive efficiency of dairy cows is enhanced by maximizing uterine health and immune defense that helps in clearance of bacterial infections from bovine uterus after calving. The persistence of bacterial contaminants in uterus after parturition causes endometrial inflammation. The most common types of uterine in inflammatory conditions are clinical and sub clinical endometritis (CE and SCE).
Therefore, the aim of current study was to diagnose bovine sub clinical endometritis with endometrial cytological technique that carried out with cytobrush.
Field study was based on 25 foreign breed cows (Holstein, Simmental, and Brown Swiss) from commercial dairy farm (Milkys) that located in Nobaria – Behira province – Egypt. The data including season of lactation, days in milk (DIM), age, and feeding system was recorded. The selected cows were examined by ultrasonography to identify the dominant ovarian structure.BY using cytobrush method, the endometrial cytology samples were smeared on a clean microscopic slide which fixed, stained, examined under light microscope and finally counted by using image analysis. The harvested endometrial samples include different endometrial epithelial cells and inflammatory cells mainly poly morph nuclear cells (PMNs). Diagnosis of SCE is based on proportion of PMNs in relation to endometrial epithelial cells.
The cytological examination showed 3 cases had SCE, while only one case had CE out of 25 cases with prevalence12% and 4% respectively, but the remaining cases were considered negative endometritis. The ultrasonographic
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examination of ovaries revealed that 2 cases had luteal cysts out of 25 cases, but the other cases had growing follicles and /or corpus luteum in ovaries.
The immunocytochemical examination showed positive expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) inside the cytoplasm of neutrophil with much degree than endometrial epithelial cells in the cases of both SCE and CE, while negative cases to endometritis showed absence of immunocytochemical reaction inside cytoplasm of endometrial cells.
It could be concluded that endometrial cytology will be an effective screening tool when it was done as a part of organized screening program.
Cytobrush technique is an effective, easy, and fast to diagnose subclinical and clinical endometritis. Endometrial cytology may give a sufficient data about the endometrial status that could be used to determine which phase of the estrus is.
6.2. Abattoir study The mammalian uterus, especially its lining epithelium (endometrium) has important roles in reproduction as implantation, placentation, and preservation of fetus until parturition. The ovaries have a significant effect on uterine function and morphology through hormonal secretion. Consequently, any ovarian disturbance, which associated with over or under secretion of ovarian hormones, constitutes an effect on uterus. In addition to, microbial infection of uterus is considered the main cause of endometrial inflammation (endometritis) that disrupts the maintenance of fertilized ovum, leads to failure of conception. Most important types of endometritis are clinical and sub clinical. The later is characterized by endometrial inflammation without abnormal vaginal discharge, so diagnosis of SCE by traditional methods is ineffective, but in the last years, endometrial cytology was considered the most reliable method for diagnosis of SCE because of its quick, easy, and no effect on future fertility in contrast to endometrial
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histopathology, which was obtained by biopsy, is time consuming, difficult application, expensive and disrupt future fertility. So the aims of current study were to study the relationship between endometrial cytology and its actual histopathology in abattoir samples (body of uterus, right and left ovaries, and endometrial smears), and also to investigate different pathological affections of ovaries and study its effect on both endometrial cytology and histopathology. The current study was carried out on 90 slaughtered Balady cows from Belivia abattoir (Beni-Suef province-Egypt). Right, left ovaries and body of uterus were collected, fixed, processed, sectioned, and stained with routine stains and special stains if recommended. In addition to, collection of endometrial cytological smears were collected by cytobrush method from the same area of uterine body that was taken for histopathology, rolled on a clean glass slide, air dried, stained, and examined under light microscope. The microscopical examination of ovaries revealed that GCTs were the most predominant ovarian alterations which were represented by 14/90 (15.56%), and were mixed with follicular cysts, corpus luteum, and/or growing follicles in 59/90 (65.56%) cases. The follicular cysts were represented by 12/90 (13.33%), and mixed with GCTs, and/or corpus luteum in 55/90 (61.11%) cases. The most reported uterine alterations were endometritis, which was represented by 41/90(45.56%) cases that were divided into 37/90 had clinical endometritis and 4/90 had SCE. Endometriosis was considered to be the most predominant endometrial gland alterations, and was represented by 44/90 (48.89%) cases. The endometrial gland alterations, which were associated with endometritis, were periglandular fibrosis that was represented by 7/90, and periglandular cuffing that was represented by 6/90.
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The cytological examination of endometrial smears revealed presence of 4/90 cases had more than 4% PMNs that were considered positive SCE, while the remaining cases (86/90) had less than 4% PMNs that were considered negative SCE. Also, different types of endometrial epithelial cells were found in varying proportions. The relationship between endometrial cytology and its actual histopathology was evaluated in this study through classification of cases according to their ovarian structures. Firstly, cases had growing follicles were characterized by presence of large numbers of type A cells that has round nuclei with atrophic cytoplasm, and also type B cells with elongated nuclei were found beside type A cells, endometrial histopathology showed presence of round vesicular nuclei and tall or elongated cells resembling their images in endometrial cytology. Cases had corpus luteum were characterized by presence of large number of type B cells with conical or cylindrical cell nuclei, which could be seen alone or mixed with type A cells. The endometrial histopathology of these cases revealed presence of hypersecretory elliptical or elongated epithelial cells. Cases had GCTs and/or follicular cysts were characterized by presence of large numbers of type A cells in comparison with other cell types. Type B cells were the second predominant cell types. Inflammatory cells (PMNs, lymphocytes) were found with small proportions; also degenerated epithelial cells were present with varying degrees. Endometrial histopathology of these cases was frequently characterized by hyperplasia of epithelial cells that may be exfoliated in uterine lumen in the form of vesicular round and elongated cell nuclei. Cases had GCTs, cyst, and corpus luteum were characterized by relative convergence between type A and type B cells in endometrial cytology, and
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these observation was agreed with endometrial histopathology in which round cell nuclei is relatively equal to tall or elongated cell nuclei. Morphometric analysis of endometrial histopathology showed mainly significant increase of endometrial height, area percentages and integrated intensities of nuclear chromatin condensation in cases had GCTs and /or follicular cysts. Also, analysis of endometrial cytology showed significant increases in area percentages and integrated intensities of nuclear chromatin condensation cases had follicular cysts. Immunohistochemically, GCTs were strongly positive to vimentin expression, while cytokeratin was expressed in a weak positive reaction. In contrast to inhibin that revealed negative reaction.