الفهرس 
Autism Spectrum DisorderOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental
disorder characterized by patterns of delay and deviance in
the development of social, communicative, and cognitive
skills that arise in the first years of life (Fred et al., 2014). It
affects approximately 1 in 88 children and 1 in 54 males
(center for disease control, 2012).
The causes of ASD are still unclear; however, an
etiological factor has been identified in only 15–20% of
persons with ASD (Schaefer and Mendelsohn, 2008).
Prenatal and perinatal complications are reported more
frequently in groups of ASD than in the normal population
(Ijichi and Ijichi, 2004).
Comorbid psychopathology in ASD as high as 70%
(Matson et al., 2010). The most common co-occurring
conditions with ASD include ADHD, a variety of anxiety
disorders, depression, and oppositional defiant disorder
(Leyfer et al., 2006; De Bruin et al., 2007; Simonoff et al.,
2008).
In addition cognitive impairment, deficits in adaptive
functioning, feeding and sleep difficulties, and challenging
behaviors(Jang et al., 2011; Kozlowski et al., 2012;
Turygin et al., 2013; Yerys et al., 2009) are also common,
individuals with ASD are also frequently affected by at least
one comorbid psychiatric disorder(Morgan et al., 2003;
Bruin et al., 2007; Simonoff et al., 2008).
Also 10% of children with ASD had a concurrent medical
disorder for example gastrointestinal problems and epilepsy
(Rutter, 2005).
Summary
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Using neuroimaging like MRI findings showing some
anatomical changes However, these findings had not
contributed to any etiological explanation so no consistent
association between ASD and different brain abnormalities
had been detected (Boddaert et al., 2009).
EEG is the primary measure used to capture and
characterize epileptiform and abnormal paroxysmal activity
through the detection of focal spikes, which occur with
increased frequency in ASD (Tuchman and Rapin, 1997,
2002). Multiple EEG abnormalities had been associated with
ASD (Levisohn, 2004, Chez et al., 2006).
A high rate of seizures and EEG abnormalities in
children with ASD was first noted in the 1960s (Tuchman et
al., 2009). Subsequently, a large number of studies
concerning these combinations had been done (Tuchman
and Rapin, 2002, Deonna and Roulet, 2006, Levisohn,
2007).
Chez et al. (2006) found that the incidence of
abnormal epileptiform activity on EEG occurring as 60–75%
of individuals with ASD. There is no agreement on the EEG
features of ASD although clinical EEG studies generally
agree onthe high prevalence of epileptiform abnormalities
inchildren with ASD (Gabis et al., 2005; Chez et al., 2006).
So, Additional studies are needed to support and to
determine if decreased epileptiform activity is correlated with
improved behavioral measures especially if EEG used as a
biomarker.