الفهرس 
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Abstract
Fenthion, is one of the systemic organophosphorous (OP) insecticide widely used in both agricultural and urban areas, has dose-limited side effects such ashepatotoxicity andnephrotoxicity. Evidence demonstrated that these side effects are closely related to oxidative stress. The target of much research was the discovering of natural compounds that are used in the prevention or the treatment of the side effects induced by fenthion.
The aimof the current study was to investigate theameliorating effects of curcumin and taurine on fenthion-treated rats at the end of experiment (4weeks). The investigation of biochemical parameters included; aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),gama-glutamyletransferase (GGT), creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The oxidative stress was determined by meauring glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content. In addition lipid peroxidation (LPO) was measured as malondialdehyde (MDA). The histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructural changes of liver and kidney were carried out at the end of experiment.
Sixty male albino rats were divided into six groups each weighing from 120-150 g and were received an oral doses by gastric tube daily for 4 weeks as follow; the 1st group (G1) served as an untreated control group under the same laboratory conditions and was given distilled water, the 2nd group (G2)wasreceived 100 mg/ kg b.wt of curcumin, the 3rd group (G3)was received 100 mg/ kg b.wt of taurine, the 4th group (G4)was received 0.001 mg/kg b.wt of fenthion, the 5th group (G5) received fenthion parallel with curcumin and the 6th group (G6) received fenthion parallel with taurine.
Rats treated with fenthion showed biochemical, histological, histochemical and ultrastructural changes. Fenthion induced a marked decrease in body weightand liver & kidney relative weights at (P<0.01) at the end of experiment. On the other hand, it induced an increase in liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT), and kidney function indicators (creatinine, uric acid and BUN) at (P< 0.01). Finally, fenthion resulted in a decrease in GPX, SOD and an increase in lipid peroxidation measured as MDA for each organ at the end of the experiment.
Histopathological examination of the liver, after administration of fenthion, showed that mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, vacuolated cytoplasm, dilatation of the portal vein and proliferation of the bile duct, congested portal vein, dilated hypermic sinusoids, odema and pyknotic nuclei. In addition todegenerated anddissolute area of hepatocyteswith many dispersed nucleiwas also observed.Liver tissues of fenthion treated rats showed weak PAS positive reaction, depletion of protein and DNA staining reactions. Ultrastructural examination of the liver showedirregular nuclear envelope, nucleuswith condensed heterochromatin and nucleolus. In addition to mitochondria appearedwith ill-defined cristae, pyknotic nucleuswith destructed nuclear envelope. Cytoplasm contains electron lucent area with swellen electron-dense mitochonderia, deposition of collagen fibers and Kupffer cell with irregular nuclear envelope and condensed chromatin.
Light microscopic examination of the kidney treated with fenthion;in kidney cortexshowed degeneration of renal tubules and dissolution of renal tissue with detachment of nuclei, severevacuolation in tubule and shrinked gromerulus. In kidney medullashowedpyknotic nuclei, some bi-nucleated cell, karyomegaly, pyknosis and autolysis of some nuclei. In kidney papilla showed intra-tubular cast with dissolution in renal tissue of papilla.Kidney tissues of fenthion treated rats showed weak PAS positive reaction, depletion of protein and DNA staining reactions.
Electronmicroscopic examination of the kidney treated with fenthion, in glomerulus showed podocytes with shrinked nucleus, degenerated podocyte with brouding and fusion of secondary foot process.In proximal tubule of rats treated with fenthion showed thick basal lamina, swellen electron-dense mitochondria and destructed microvilli, in addition autophagic vacuoles, nucleus with irregular nuclear membrane.However,in distal tubule showedirregular and marked destruction of basal infolding. In collecting tubule showeddark cell with electron-dense mitochondria, irregular nucleus and few lysosomes.
The results showed that treatment with the two used antioxidants; curcumin or taurine, reduced the extent of liver and kidney damage induced by fenthion, this was indicated by decreased activities of AST, ALT, GGT and levels of creatinine, uric acid, BUN, in addition to increased activities of GPX and SOD and decreased MDA of each organ. These treatments ameliorated the histopathological structure, increased the contents of glycogen, proteins and DNA, and improved the ultrastructure alternations of the liver and kidney tissues.
Inconclusion, fenthion administration resulted in an increase the activities of ALT, AST and GGT of liver, in addition to increase creatinine, uric acid and BUN of kidney. It decreased the concentrations of antioxidant enzymes such as GPX and SOD with elevation in LPO measured as MDA content in both liver and kidney. Fenthion also caused histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructure changes in the liver and kidney.
Treatment with curcumin or taurine showed a marked improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructure examinations. Confirming the efficiency of these antioxidants to counteract the harmful effects of fenthion in addition to decreased the oxidative stress and tissue damage.Curcumin was better than taurine in ameliorating the biochemical, histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructural alternations of liver and kidney induced by fenthion.