الفهرس 
1. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
It is expecting that within few years Egypt will regain its 1ST
position, as the highest country in palm date production, since in 2017
year Emirate will cultivate raw 20 millions date palm trees. Accordingly
the accumulated palm stones of present and new date palm trees will be
huge calling for the challenge of make the benefit of using their palm date
stones. One of the utilities is to use palm kernels in clinical nutrition. The
weight of the seed is 5.6-14.2% of the date. Palm date seed contains
7.7-9.7% oil. The seeds containing 14 types of fatty acids, The oleic acid
content of the seeds varies from 41.1 to 58.8%. Potassium can be found at
a concentration as high as 0.9% in the flesh while it is as high as 0.5% in
some seeds. (Al-shahib et al., 2003)
Protein was found to be present in date seed in relatively
considerable amount. Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin are
among the soluble protein that was detected in date seed, with 5-6% of
total protein content. (Hamada et al., 2002). The minerals content in
date seed, being sodium,. potassium, calcium, iron, copper, magnesium,
manganese, zinc, and phosphorus are found. The total mineral content
that, was found in date seed was comparable with the mineral content in
barley shows that the date seed can be considered as a good source of
minerals, and can also be used to substitute the usage, of barley in food
products for the same purpose. (Ali and Khamis, 2004). Date seed can be
a good source of dietary fiber, phenolic component and natural
antioxidant, which can be further developed into new products or already
existing products. The use of date seed in fiber- based foods is possible as
excellent content of dietary fiber was found in the seed (Al-Farsi and
Lee, 2008b). The total dietary fiber found in date seed was 58% with
ENGLISH SUMMARY
214
53% of it was insoluble dietary fiber namely as hemicelluloses, cellulose
and lignin. (Aldhaheri et al., 2004).
Date seeds are known as important sources of phenolic acids
consisting of hydroxylated derivatives of benzoic acid (gallic acid,
protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid) and
cinnamic acid (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, m-coumaric
and o-coumaric acid) which possess antioxidant effects. These
antioxidant compounds may be responsible for the increased activity of
paraoxonase through direct interaction with enzyme or stabilization of
paraoxonase on HDL and/or its expression. There are evidences
suggesting that PON1 is an HDL-associated antioxidant enzyme
protecting against atherosclerosis by preventing from lipoprotein
oxidation and hydrolyzing oxidized cholesterol and/or phospholipids in
atherosclerotic lesions and oxidized LDL.PON1 is readily inactivated by
exogenous or endogenous oxidant agents. Many studies have revealed the
reduction of paraoxonase enzyme activity in different situations, resulting
in diseases such as oxidative stress, diabetes and cardiovascular
importantly coronary artery disease. Reduction in paraoxonase activity of
serum may be related to the elevation of lipid peroxide levels.Atorvastatin
that inhibits the cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme
(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) HMG-CoA reductase, is
reported to increase the serum paraoxonase activity, DSE may be useful
in decreasing symptoms of diseases related to the low activity of
paraoxonase or overcoming diseases due to the increasing activity of
paraoxonase. (Costa et al.; 2011; Koren-Gluzer et al., 2011 and
Takaeidi et al., 2014).
A crude acetone extract of the pit of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera
L.) was prepared and its antiviral activity evaluated against lytic
Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14209-B1. The antiviral activity of date pits
was found to be mediated by binding to the phage, which it is hoped will
promote research into its potential as a novel antiviral agent against
pathogenic human viruses. (Jassim & Naji 2010).
Reported It was found that alkaloids are one of the most important
bioactive components in natural herbs. They constitute potent therapeutic
agents. The total alkaloid content of the date palm seed was estimated as
an atropine equivalent. Atropine and its semi-synthetic derivatives
cholinomimetics are widely used in the treatment of glaucoma,
myasthenia gravis and some rare cardiac arrhythmia. Other alkaloids
include ephedrine for asthma, analgesic morphine, a famous
topoisomerase I (TopI) inhibitor, camptothecin and vinblastine, an
anticancer alkaloid that interacts with tubulin. (Abiola et al., 2016).
(Abdelaziz and Ali 2014) Found that the obtained results from the
study suggested that Phoenix dactylifera seeds significantly improved the
CCl4-induced alterations in liver function parameters (AST, ALT, ALP
and albumin). Moreover, the CCl4-induced oxidative stress, represented
by elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), nitric oxide
and oxidative DNA damage, was ameliorated by Phoenix dactylifera
seeds treatment. In addition, Phoenix dactylifera seeds restored the
activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and
glutathione S-transferase) that were declined after CCl4 treatment.
Phenolic compounds of dates as either soluble or linked to fiber
Date seeds contain very high levels of phenolic antioxidants. Date seeds
also contain an antibiotic oxytetracycline. (Sami et al., 2017).
ENGLISH SUMMARY
216
This study was carried out to determine the effect of mature date
kernel powder on males of white mice weighing 150-200 g, In this study,
mice were divided into 10 groups (7 mice) in each group.
All mice were fed to the ideal meal for a week, and the groups
were divided as follows:
• The first group (negative control) consists of 7 rats for each group and
feeds on the ideal meal.
• Three groups (positive control), which were infected with high
cholesterol and diabetes and liver injury and were fed on the ideal
meal only for (28) days.
Feeding high levels of raw cholesterol to normal white rat males by
adding them to the basic diet containing 1.5% of the raw cholesterol plus
10% of sheep tail fat for three months led to high cholesterol in the
serum.
Malignant white mice (injected with dioxin 150 mg / kg body
weight) were infected with the peritoneal membrane that caused the mice
to become diabetic.
Inoculation of male white mice with carbon tetrachloride diluted
with paraffin oil intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 ml / 1 kg. Carbon
tetrachloride was used to induce liver toxicity.
• Three groups with the aforementioned diseases were treated by
adding 5% of the powder of the dates nucleus to the basic food.
• Three groups with the above-mentioned diseases were treated
orally by mouth daily 1/2 ml extracted from the powder of palm
date kernel for each var.
The palm date kernel nuclei (for the type of Samani dates) were
germinated, dried and used as powder in its proportions and in extracts
extracted in distilled water. (5% powder, 1/2 ml extract) for rats infected
with high cholesterol, diabetes and hepatotoxicity. Feeded for 28 days
using diet 5% powder per 1 kg of basic food. Oral injection 1/2 ml extract
for each varium.
At the end of the experiment (28 days) blood samples were taken.
After slaughtering the mice after 12 hours of fasting and under the
anesthetic effect of the aorta of the abdominal aorta. Blood samples were
taken in dry and clean tubes and left to coagulate at room temperature,
then centrifuge for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm to separate the serum and
expel the air reactions from the serum into the tubes. And transfer by
pipette clean the storage of the degree (-20) degree Celsius until the
analysis of samples.
The serum was analyzed to show possible therapeutic effects on
serum glucose levels, blood lipids, liver function, renal function and
protein fraction (bilirubin) through nutrition experiments.
Biochemical and histopathological investigations of
histopathological organ dissection have been investigated. The results
of the percentages can be summarized as follows:
1. Body weight gain (BWG), food intake (FI) and feed efficiency ratio
(FOR) reduced markedly for the diseased rats; control (-) group
revealed 105, 47, 41; 88, 53, 23; 276, 100 , 80 % increase respectively
compared to control (+) group. of hypercholesterolemic ,diabetic and
hepationtoxicated rats respectively.
2. Due to feeding on palm date kernel powder diet and 1/2 ml extract
intake daily the biological parameters improved specially for the palm
date kernel extract ;in the last case as compared to control (+) group,
BWG, FI, FER increased ,percent increases were 119, 27, 73;
58, 20, 32; 250, 55, 100% of hypercholesterolemic, diabetic and
hepationtoxicated rats respectively.
3. Inflicring of rats with of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus
and hepatiopathy raised the weights of internal organs, being
liver, kidneys, heart ,pancreas and spleen by -16, 53, -36, -8, -16; -18,
-4, -13, -45, -60; -37, -59, -49, -77, -60% respectively due to
inflammations.
4. Feeding hypercholesterolemic, diabetic & hepatotoxicity rats on palm
date seeds powder and extract lowered the internal organs weigh; for
the extract group, the weights of liver, kidneys, heart ,pancreas &
spleen lowered in comparison with control (+) group(for extract
group) by -16, -60 ,-45 , -8 ,-16 ; - 27 ,- 47 , -30 , -35 ,- 55 ;- 31,-49, -
50 ,-74 ,- 73 % respectively.
5. Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus & hepato intoxication
induction in rats causes renal disorders as indicated by raising the
levels of serum creatinine, uric acid and blood urea increase.
6. Inflicring rats with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus &
hepatotoxication raiped the levels of creatinine, uric acid and blood
urea nitrogen (BNU) in comparison with healthy rats, percent
increases compared to control (+) group were 20, 13, 8; 64, 58, 19;
33, 19 , --- % respectively.
7. Feeding of hypercholesterolemic, diabetic and hepatotoxicity rats with
palm date powder and extract lowered the valves of creatinine, uric
acid and urea in serum indicate improvement of damaged renal
function; percent decreases for the extract group were 40, 27, 12.5; 29,
63, 15; 33, 19, ---- % respectively.
8. Due to hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus and hepatotoxication
function of liver disordered as indicated by the rise of liver enzymes
parameters being AST, ALT, AST / ALT & ALP. Percent decreases of
control (-) rats compared to control (+) group were 54, 22, 41, 41; 24,
12, 14, 57; 53, 24, 41, 58 respectively.
9. By feeding of hypercholesterolemic, diabetic and hepatointatoxicated
rats with palm date kernel powder and extract compared to control (+)
group; percent decreases (for the extract group) were 53, 24, 41, 58 %
respectively. This indicated the improvement of liver function.
10. Hepatointatoxication lowered the levels of serum T.P, Alb and
Alb/ Glb while raised the Glb constant; percent changes of control (-)
compared to control (+) group were: + 20 , + 60 , + 64 & -3 % for
above parameters respectively.
11. Feeding of hepatointatoxicated rats with palm date powder and
extract corrected the changes of protein factors and ratio leading to the
rise of T.P, Alb, & Alb/Glb, while lowered Glb, percent changes for
extract group rats in comparison with control (+) rats were +19 ,+60 ,
- 6 , + 70 & - 6 % respectively.
12. Hepatointatoxication raised the total blirubin, direct bilirubin and
indirect bilirubin indicating disorders of the liver function; percent
decreases of control (-) rats compared to control (+) group were - 43 ,
-78 & - 22 % respectively.
13. Feeding of hepatointatoxicated rats with date powder and extract
corrected the changes of bilirubin factions leading to the decreases in
T. bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin Percent changes for
rats of palm date extract group compared to control (+) group were
-42, -68 & -26% respectively, showing the improvement of liver
function.
14. Inflicting rats with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus and
hepatointatoxication Disordered the lipids parameters in serum
;percent decreases of TC, TG, VLDL, LDL and AI levels ,while
percent increases of HDL in control (-) rats compared with control (+)
group were -23, -10, -31; -7, -13, -20; -11, -13, - 20; -64, - 72, -86;
-56, - 73, -96 and +2 ,+43, +438 respectively.
15. Feeding of hypercholesterolemia, diabetic & hepataintoxicated rats
with palm date powder or extract corrected the change of serum lipids
parameters; for the extract its group in comparison with the control (+)
rats, percent changes were -28, -15, -32; -33, -10, -30; -33, -13, - 30;
+29, +37, +525; -89, -79, -96; -78, -73, 92% respectively for TC, TG,
VLDL, HDL, LDL & AI respectively.
16. Diabetic mellitus raised the serum glucose from 161 + 4 to 277 + 3
mg/dl showing an decreases of control (-) rats 42 % compared to
control (+) rats.
17. Feeding on diabetic rats on palm date powder and its extract lowered
the serum glucose. For the extract group serum glucose revealed
-48 % decreases in comparison with control (+) rats.
It is expecting that within few years Egypt will regain its 1ST
position, as the highest country in palm date production, since in 2017
year Emirate will cultivate raw 20 millions date palm trees. Accordingly
the accumulated palm stones of present and new date palm trees will be
huge calling for the challenge of make the benefit of using their palm date
stones. One of the utilities is to use palm kernels in clinical nutrition. The
weight of the seed is 5.6-14.2% of the date. Palm date seed contains
7.7-9.7% oil. The seeds containing 14 types of fatty acids, The oleic acid
content of the seeds varies from 41.1 to 58.8%. Potassium can be found at
a concentration as high as 0.9% in the flesh while it is as high as 0.5% in
some seeds. (Al-shahib et al., 2003)
Protein was found to be present in date seed in relatively
considerable amount. Albumin, globulin, prolamin and glutelin are
among the soluble protein that was detected in date seed, with 5-6% of
total protein content. (Hamada et al., 2002). The minerals content in
date seed, being sodium,. potassium, calcium, iron, copper, magnesium,
manganese, zinc, and phosphorus are found. The total mineral content
that, was found in date seed was comparable with the mineral content in
barley shows that the date seed can be considered as a good source of
minerals, and can also be used to substitute the usage, of barley in food
products for the same purpose. (Ali and Khamis, 2004). Date seed can be
a good source of dietary fiber, phenolic component and natural
antioxidant, which can be further developed into new products or already
existing products. The use of date seed in fiber- based foods is possible as
excellent content of dietary fiber was found in the seed (Al-Farsi and
Lee, 2008b). The total dietary fiber found in date seed was 58% with
53% of it was insoluble dietary fiber namely as hemicelluloses, cellulose
and lignin. (Aldhaheri et al., 2004).
Date seeds are known as important sources of phenolic acids
consisting of hydroxylated derivatives of benzoic acid (gallic acid,
protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid) and
cinnamic acid (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, m-coumaric
and o-coumaric acid) which possess antioxidant effects. These
antioxidant compounds may be responsible for the increased activity of
paraoxonase through direct interaction with enzyme or stabilization of
paraoxonase on HDL and/or its expression. There are evidences
suggesting that PON1 is an HDL-associated antioxidant enzyme
protecting against atherosclerosis by preventing from lipoprotein
oxidation and hydrolyzing oxidized cholesterol and/or phospholipids in
atherosclerotic lesions and oxidized LDL.PON1 is readily inactivated by
exogenous or endogenous oxidant agents. Many studies have revealed the
reduction of paraoxonase enzyme activity in different situations, resulting
in diseases such as oxidative stress, diabetes and cardiovascular
importantly coronary artery disease. Reduction in paraoxonase activity of
serum may be related to the elevation of lipid peroxide levels.Atorvastatin
that inhibits the cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme
(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) HMG-CoA reductase, is
reported to increase the serum paraoxonase activity, DSE may be useful
in decreasing symptoms of diseases related to the low activity of
paraoxonase or overcoming diseases due to the increasing activity of
paraoxonase. (Costa et al.; 2011; Koren-Gluzer et al., 2011 and
Takaeidi et al., 2014).
A crude acetone extract of the pit of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera
L.) was prepared and its antiviral activity evaluated against lytic
Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14209-B1. The antiviral activity of date pits
was found to be mediated by binding to the phage, which it is hoped will
promote research into its potential as a novel antiviral agent against
pathogenic human viruses. (Jassim & Naji 2010).
Reported It was found that alkaloids are one of the most important
bioactive components in natural herbs. They constitute potent therapeutic
agents. The total alkaloid content of the date palm seed was estimated as
an atropine equivalent. Atropine and its semi-synthetic derivatives
cholinomimetics are widely used in the treatment of glaucoma,
myasthenia gravis and some rare cardiac arrhythmia. Other alkaloids
include ephedrine for asthma, analgesic morphine, a famous
topoisomerase I (TopI) inhibitor, camptothecin and vinblastine, an
anticancer alkaloid that interacts with tubulin. (Abiola et al., 2016).
(Abdelaziz and Ali 2014) Found that the obtained results from the
study suggested that Phoenix dactylifera seeds significantly improved the
CCl4-induced alterations in liver function parameters (AST, ALT, ALP
and albumin). Moreover, the CCl4-induced oxidative stress, represented
by elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), nitric oxide
and oxidative DNA damage, was ameliorated by Phoenix dactylifera
seeds treatment. In addition, Phoenix dactylifera seeds restored the
activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and
glutathione S-transferase) that were declined after CCl4 treatment.
Phenolic compounds of dates as either soluble or linked to fiber
Date seeds contain very high levels of phenolic antioxidants. Date seeds
also contain an antibiotic oxytetracycline. (Sami et al., 2017).
This study was carried out to determine the effect of mature date
kernel powder on males of white mice weighing 150-200 g, In this study,
mice were divided into 10 groups (7 mice) in each group.
All mice were fed to the ideal meal for a week, and the groups
were divided as follows:
• The first group (negative control) consists of 7 rats for each group and
feeds on the ideal meal.
• Three groups (positive control), which were infected with high
cholesterol and diabetes and liver injury and were fed on the ideal
meal only for (28) days.
Feeding high levels of raw cholesterol to normal white rat males by
adding them to the basic diet containing 1.5% of the raw cholesterol plus
10% of sheep tail fat for three months led to high cholesterol in the
serum.
Malignant white mice (injected with dioxin 150 mg / kg body
weight) were infected with the peritoneal membrane that caused the mice
to become diabetic.
Inoculation of male white mice with carbon tetrachloride diluted
with paraffin oil intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 ml / 1 kg. Carbon
tetrachloride was used to induce liver toxicity.
• Three groups with the aforementioned diseases were treated by
adding 5% of the powder of the dates nucleus to the basic food.
• Three groups with the above-mentioned diseases were treated
orally by mouth daily 1/2 ml extracted from the powder of palm
date kernel for each var.
The palm date kernel nuclei (for the type of Samani dates) were
germinated, dried and used as powder in its proportions and in extracts
extracted in distilled water. (5% powder, 1/2 ml extract) for rats infected
with high cholesterol, diabetes and hepatotoxicity. Feeded for 28 days
using diet 5% powder per 1 kg of basic food. Oral injection 1/2 ml extract
for each varium.
At the end of the experiment (28 days) blood samples were taken.
After slaughtering the mice after 12 hours of fasting and under the
anesthetic effect of the aorta of the abdominal aorta. Blood samples were
taken in dry and clean tubes and left to coagulate at room temperature,
then centrifuge for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm to separate the serum and
expel the air reactions from the serum into the tubes. And transfer by
pipette clean the storage of the degree (-20) degree Celsius until the
analysis of samples.
The serum was analyzed to show possible therapeutic effects on
serum glucose levels, blood lipids, liver function, renal function and
protein fraction (bilirubin) through nutrition experiments.
Biochemical and histopathological investigations of
histopathological organ dissection have been investigated. The results
of the percentages can be summarized as follows:
1. Body weight gain (BWG), food intake (FI) and feed efficiency ratio
(FOR) reduced markedly for the diseased rats; control (-) group
revealed 105, 47, 41; 88, 53, 23; 276, 100 , 80 % increase respectively
compared to control (+) group. of hypercholesterolemic ,diabetic and
hepationtoxicated rats respectively.
2. Due to feeding on palm date kernel powder diet and 1/2 ml extract
intake daily the biological parameters improved specially for the palm
date kernel extract ;in the last case as compared to control (+) group,
BWG, FI, FER increased ,percent increases were 119, 27, 73;
58, 20, 32; 250, 55, 100% of hypercholesterolemic, diabetic and
hepationtoxicated rats respectively.
3. Inflicring of rats with of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus
and hepatiopathy raised the weights of internal organs, being
liver, kidneys, heart ,pancreas and spleen by -16, 53, -36, -8, -16; -18,
-4, -13, -45, -60; -37, -59, -49, -77, -60% respectively due to
inflammations.
4. Feeding hypercholesterolemic, diabetic & hepatotoxicity rats on palm
date seeds powder and extract lowered the internal organs weigh; for
the extract group, the weights of liver, kidneys, heart ,pancreas &
spleen lowered in comparison with control (+) group(for extract
group) by -16, -60 ,-45 , -8 ,-16 ; - 27 ,- 47 , -30 , -35 ,- 55 ;- 31,-49, -
50 ,-74 ,- 73 % respectively.
5. Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus & hepato intoxication
induction in rats causes renal disorders as indicated by raising the
levels of serum creatinine, uric acid and blood urea increase.
6. Inflicring rats with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus &
hepatotoxication raiped the levels of creatinine, uric acid and blood
urea nitrogen (BNU) in comparison with healthy rats, percent
increases compared to control (+) group were 20, 13, 8; 64, 58, 19;
33, 19 , --- % respectively.
7. Feeding of hypercholesterolemic, diabetic and hepatotoxicity rats with
palm date powder and extract lowered the valves of creatinine, uric
acid and urea in serum indicate improvement of damaged renal
function; percent decreases for the extract group were 40, 27, 12.5; 29,
63, 15; 33, 19, ---- % respectively.
8. Due to hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus and hepatotoxication
function of liver disordered as indicated by the rise of liver enzymes
parameters being AST, ALT, AST / ALT & ALP. Percent decreases of
control (-) rats compared to control (+) group were 54, 22, 41, 41; 24,
12, 14, 57; 53, 24, 41, 58 respectively.
9. By feeding of hypercholesterolemic, diabetic and hepatointatoxicated
rats with palm date kernel powder and extract compared to control (+)
group; percent decreases (for the extract group) were 53, 24, 41, 58 %
respectively. This indicated the improvement of liver function.
10. Hepatointatoxication lowered the levels of serum T.P, Alb and
Alb/ Glb while raised the Glb constant; percent changes of control (-)
compared to control (+) group were: + 20 , + 60 , + 64 & -3 % for
above parameters respectively.
11. Feeding of hepatointatoxicated rats with palm date powder and
extract corrected the changes of protein factors and ratio leading to the
rise of T.P, Alb, & Alb/Glb, while lowered Glb, percent changes for
extract group rats in comparison with control (+) rats were +19 ,+60 ,
- 6 , + 70 & - 6 % respectively.
12. Hepatointatoxication raised the total blirubin, direct bilirubin and
indirect bilirubin indicating disorders of the liver function; percent
decreases of control (-) rats compared to control (+) group were - 43 ,
-78 & - 22 % respectively.
13. Feeding of hepatointatoxicated rats with date powder and extract
corrected the changes of bilirubin factions leading to the decreases in
T. bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin Percent changes for
rats of palm date extract group compared to control (+) group were
-42, -68 & -26% respectively, showing the improvement of liver
function.
14. Inflicting rats with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus and
hepatointatoxication Disordered the lipids parameters in serum
;percent decreases of TC, TG, VLDL, LDL and AI levels ,while
percent increases of HDL in control (-) rats compared with control (+)
group were -23, -10, -31; -7, -13, -20; -11, -13, - 20; -64, - 72, -86;
-56, - 73, -96 and +2 ,+43, +438 respectively.
15. Feeding of hypercholesterolemia, diabetic & hepataintoxicated rats
with palm date powder or extract corrected the change of serum lipids
parameters; for the extract its group in comparison with the control (+)
rats, percent changes were -28, -15, -32; -33, -10, -30; -33, -13, - 30;
+29, +37, +525; -89, -79, -96; -78, -73, 92% respectively for TC, TG,
VLDL, HDL, LDL & AI respectively.
16. Diabetic mellitus raised the serum glucose from 161 + 4 to 277 + 3
mg/dl showing an decreases of control (-) rats 42 % compared to
control (+) rats.
17. Feeding on diabetic rats on palm date powder and its extract lowered
the serum glucose. For the extract group serum glucose revealed
-48 % decreases in comparison with control (+) rats.