الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
One hundred sixty five pediatric patients, aged 6-12 years ASA I and II were randomly assigned to one of three groups, Group1; 55 pediatric patients were assigned to have Rocuronium intubathng dose without Ketamine. group 2;55 pediatric patients were assigned to have pre induction of anaesthesia low dose Ketamine 0.25mg/kg intraveinous in addition to Rocuronium intubating dose. group 3;fifty five child assigned to have pre induction of anaesthesia low dose Ketamine 0.5mg/kg intraveinous in addition to Rocuronium intubating dose.
Patients were evaluated by history, physical examination and laboratory investigations preoperatively. All patients were premedicated using 0.1 mg/kg midazolam I.M 30-60 minutes preoperatively in the pre-operative holding area. Monitoring equipments (Datex-Ohmeda A/S 5™) were attached to the patient including 3 leads ECG, automatic non-invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry; anesthetic gas monitoring, end tidal CO2, temperature probe( body core temperature through nasopharyngeal probe and skin temperature probe) and entropy were also be attached to the patient but after induction of anesthesia.