الفهرس 
chapter 1Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Drilling fluids is an important part in drilling process. The cost of this part can get to the level of 15% of total cost of operations. The cost can be higher if the drilling fluids are not well controlled and the properties are not maintained at their accurate range. Many problems during drilling operations can be caused directly or indirectly by mud. The consequence of bad treatment of mud can lead to drilling problems which take a great deal of time and by consequence cost to remedy them. The mud or drilling fluid has many functions. While selecting mud physical and chemical properties to fulfill these tasks, consideration must be given to: Environmental issues, the total cost and the impact of drilling fluids on the production. The drilling fluids are classified into two main classes according to the continuous phase or basic liquid: water based mud and oil based mud. In oil based mud the base fluid is the oil. At the early days crude oil was used as continuous phase but it suffered from many disadvantages: low gel strength, limited viscosity and beside the mud properties, the safety hazards were a real issue. This study provides water in oil drilling emulsion by addition of a nonionic, oil soluble, surfactant as emulsifier by using local material (stearic acid) as starting material. In this study we synthesized new water in oil emulsifiers, which were tested and compared with a standard sample. The emulsifiers were prepared by esterification of triethanolamine and propylene glycol with stearic acid which includes, Mono-esters (Triethanolamine and ⁄ or Propylene glycol: fatty acid) by ratio 1:1 (Triethanolamine monostearate, E1 & Propylene glycol monostearate, E4), Di-esters (Triethanolamine and ⁄ or Propylene glycol: fatty acid) by ratio 1:2 (Triethanolamine distearate E2 & Propylene glycol distearate E5) and Triester (Triethanolamine: fatty acid) by ratio 1:3 (Triethanolamine tri stearate E3). The products were investigated by elemental micro analysis, FTIR, H1 NMR spectroscopic analysis and mass spectroscopy. Also, Hydrophile- lipophile balance (HLB) of the new synthesized emulsifiers were calculated to fit the desired range for w\o emulsion (3< HLB<8). The new muds formulated with the synthesized emulsifiers were tested and compared with the standard mud sample formulated with the imported emulsifier in the oil- base drilling fluid to determine the density, rheological properties of the mud (apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point gel strength and thixotropy), electrical stability, pH and filtration loss for the local and imported synthesized emulsifiers at different temperatures, also the relation between the shear rate and shear stress was measured. In this study, experimental work and evaluation of the new synthesized emulsifiers show good results when utilized in the formulation of oil-base mud systems and concluded that the rheological properties of most of the new synthesized emulsifiers performed a superior results compared to the imported emulsifier when utilized in oil mud at different temperatures. Also, filtration properties of all synthesized emulsifiers show good performance and low filter loss when compared with the imported emulsifier when utilized in the formulation of oil base mud. The electrical stability of the prepared emulsifiers shows high electrical stability than that of reference mud (MR).
from the above results we can conclude that the new synthesized emulsifiers are of superior results compared with the reference mud emulsifier (R).