الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The ankle is a complex joint with multiple planes of motion, which we heavily rely on for locomotion, balance and independent functioning. The ankle is subjected to the highest weight-bearing force per square centimeter of any joint in the body and, as such, it is the most commonly injured. Ankle arthritis can occur for a variety of reasons post-traumatic arthritis is the most common cause of ankle arthritis often follows a rotational fracture or recurrent ligamentous instability. The disability associated with end-stage ankle arthritis is substantial, causing pain and severe limitation of Function. Ankle arthrodesis is considered to be the “gold standard” treatment for a painful degenerated ankle not responding to conservative treatment. The formal goals of an ankle arthrodesis are to eliminate pain and deformity of the degenerated ankle joint and obtain a plantigrade foot so as to achieve painless mobilization. Open ankle arthrodesis traditionally has been the preferred surgical method to treat ankle arthritis, providing patients with less pain and improved function.
Complications associated with ankle arthrodesis include infection, wound-healing problems, fracture, neurovascular injury, malunion, and nonunion. Long-term complications include secondary arthrosis of the subtalar and talonavicular joints, with an overall complication rate of up to 60% that led to a continuous search for a better technique.