الفهرس 
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Abstract
Lead is a common environmental and industrial pollutant that has been detected in all phases of environment and biological systems. Lead is widely used in many industrial and domestic activities, paints, engineering applications, colored pigments industry, batteries and bullets manufacturing. Previous studies found that prenatal lead exposure produce fetal nephrotoxicity. Many studies have suggested oxidative stress as one of the important mechanisms of toxic effects of lead. Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a low molecular mass antioxidant that interacts directly with the oxidizing radicals. Curcumin, an extract of curcuma longa, is considered to be a very important herb with miraculous anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
This study aimed to investigate the possible protective roles of vitamin E and curcumin in modulating the teratogenic effects of prenatal lead exposure on the full term fetal kidneys and placentae of albino rats.
Thirty pregnant female rats were used throughout the present study and randomly divided into five groups (six rats in each): (1) control group was received distilled water intragastrically, (2) lead treated group was received lead acetate (10 mg/kg/day) intragastrically, (3) lead + vitamin E treated group was received lead acetate (10 mg/kg/day)+vitamin E (250 mg/kg /day) intragastrically, (4) lead + curcumin treated group was received lead acetate (10 mg/ kg/ day) + curcumin (10mg/animal / day) intragastrically and (5) lead + vitamin E+ curcumin treated group was received lead acetate (10 mg/ kg/ day) +vitamin E (250 mg/kg /day)+ curcumin(10mg/animal / day) intragastrically. They were treated every day morning from the first day of pregnancy, throughout the experiment and were scarified in the 20th day of gestation. Placentae and fetuses were removed from each rat and examined. Fetal growth parameters were examined and recorded. Placentae and fetal kidneys were collected, examined and processed for light microscopic examination. The findings were recorded, compared and their significance were statistically assessed using ANOVA and chi square tests.