الفهرس 
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Friction in OrthodonticsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the effect of ten different ligature materials on friction level. Methods: Nine types of different ligations (conventional elastomeric ligature [CEL], unconventional elastomeric ligature [UEL], Easy-to-tie [ETT], Stainless steel [SS] ligature wire, Teflon coated SS ligature, Kobayashi SS ligature, elastomeric rotational wedge, anti-rotation tie and ligature rotation wedge) tied to Gemini brackets while the tenth type of ligation was the self-ligation from a passive self-ligating bracket [SLB]. The bracket ligation systems were tested combined with 0.017” x 0.025” straight SS arch-wire. A universal testing machine was used to measure friction. Results: There were significant differences between all studied groups (p < 0.001).Elastomeric Rotation wedge had the highest friction among all groups (p < 0.001). The least friction was that exerted from SLB & UEL, followed by SS ligature & Teflon coated then Kobyashi SS, ETT & then CEL.Conclusions: It is intuitive that differences in the ligation design would lead to differences in friction between bracket and arch-wire [B/W] interface. Methods for managing rotation had the highest friction where elastomeric rotation wedge was the maximum among them. SLB & UEL exerted almost the same friction, so UELs may represent a valid alternative to passive SLBs