الفهرس 
PrefaceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present work was carried to clarify the position of Nitraria retusa in relation to eight selected plant species belong to family Zygophyllaceae; F. arabica, F. cretica, P. harmala, T. terrestis, Z. album, Z. coccenium, Z. decumbens and Z. simplex using pollen morphology, two DNA markers based on the PCR technique (RAPD and ISSR) and one biochemical marker (SDS-PAGE).
The qualitative and quantitative characters of pollen grains are presented as binary characters (+) for present, (-) for absent. The resulting phenogram showed that T. terrestis is separated from other species. The remaining species are differentiated into two clusters; the first cluster includes N. retusa which is split off as a delimited group.
RAPD primers amplified a total 133 bands of wh. 88 were polymorphic (66.16% polymorphism) while ISSR produced 51 bands of which 42 were polymorphic (82.35%). Both RAPD and ISSR markers succeeded to produce positive and negative unique markers. The percent of polymorphism of RAPD and ISSR markers indicated that both system able to reveal variability between the studied taxa, but ISSR have a high capacity and offer great potential to determine specific variation compared with RAPD. Soluble protein pattern using SDS-PAGE recorded 29 polymorphic bands in the nine studied taxa showing 100% polymorphism.
A collective phenogram recommend to the separation of both Nitraria retusa and T. terrestis from Zygophyllaceae and placed it in a distinct family. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) for combined data shows that F. cretica, F. Arabica and P. harmala, are closely related to each other and grouped in a cluster; similarly Z. album, Z. coccenium, Z. decumbens and Z. simplex, while Nitraria retusa is regarded as a transition species between two clusters. Moreover, Tribulus terrestis is far away from two clusters.