الفهرس 
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Abstract
During the period from August 2016 to August 2017 the present study was conducted on total number of 55 animals include cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats were subjected for udder and teats examination by clinical examination, CMT and Ultrasonography.Ultrasonography aims to detect the normal anatomical features of the udder and teats in these different animals before and after milking in addition; detection of some surgical affection of the udder and teat whatever it is acquired or congenital.
In cattle and Buffaloes:
The clinical examination of the clinically healthy animals reveled symmetrical appearance of the udder, teat and supramammary lymph nodes. The udder tissue consistency and teat was normal without any lesions. Ultrasonographic examination of udder tissue before milking revealed hyper echoic picture with less echoic alveoli. The three layered appearance of the teat skin was clearly observed due to presence of three different histological tissues which transcript in the three layered appearance of the teat.
In cases of subclinical mastitis, hard milker, Supernumerary teat, teat woundand intra teat cistern growthno changes were detected on the udder clinically.Ultrasonographic homogeneity of the glandular parenchyma was lost with echogenic and less echogenic area in case of mastitis. On the other hand, in cases of hard milker and supernumerary teat no significant difference from the clinically healthy cattle. In case of teat wound the udder tissue appeared typically as clinically healthy udder except a hyper echoic part seemed to be connected to the skin layer of the wounded teat representing the wound fibrin deposition and increased echogenicity due to inflammation developed in the skin. Intra teat cistern growth appeared as an extra growth connected to the mucosal layer of the teat cistern with hyper echoic appearance.
In case of udder abscesses the udder tissue consistency and teat were differed according to the abscess stage and the degree of inflammation in the affected quarter(s). Ultrasonography showed generalized hyperechogenisty in the glandular tissue due to inflammation and fibrin deposition in some severe cases. Hyper echoic area surrounded by hypo echoic area this describe the formation of the abscess. Teat cistern dilation examined without any complain or problems during milking.Ultrasonography examination revealed the three layered appearance of the teat was clearly detected except in one teat showed abnormal enlargement in the area of teat cistern forming a pouch measuring 1.72 cm in diameter.
In ewe and goat:
Clinically healthy animals showed symmetrical udder without any lesions. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a hyper echoic picture resembles the udder tissue which appears denser with small milk veins. Margination line appeared to demarcate the difference between udder tissue and gland cistern; this line is characteristic well defined feature in ewe than in goats. The udder tissue in goat showed hyper echoic picture with large less echoic alveoli and this lead to the clear and defined appearance of the characteristic trabeculaed shape of the udder in goat.Acute mastitis was the most detectable cases in both ewe and goats. It characterized by changes in size, shape and the consistency of the affected udder. The symmetrical appearance of the two halves was lost due to the inflammation and edema. The ultrasonographic homogeneity of the glandular parenchyma was lost.