الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the Work
Chapter 1 : Review Hepatocellular CarcinomaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Despite major efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment of HCC, therapeutic options remain limited. The main therapeutic strategies are surgical resection of the tumor or liver transplantation. Although palliative treatments are needed, palliative treatments remain very limited. Efforts to establish efficient systemic chemotherapy regimens have not succeeded and best supportive care is still considered standard of treatment. Thus, the need for novel therapeutic agents and strategies is needed.
Recently, genomic targets and networks have increasingly gained attention due to the efforts of the Human Genome Project. As a result, human and many other genomic sequences are available. This vast amount of newly available genomic data provides a rich source to identify novel genomic targets for therapeutic intervention.
Survivin gene is a molecular biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family (IAPs) that inhibits caspases. Polymorphism in the survivin gene is emerging as powerful tools to study the biology of the disease and have the potential to be used in disease prognosis and diagnosis.
The present study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, faculty of pharmacy, Minia University. The patients were selected from inpatient Tropical Medicine department during the period between (2015/2017).
group 1: included 30 asymptomatic healthy control volunteers who matched with age and sex.
And from group 2 to group 4 patients with previous HCV infection.
group 2: included 30 patients with liver fibrosis.
group 3: included 30 patients with liver cirrhosis.
group 4: included 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
All patients will subject to:
1-full history taking about age, sex, smoking, alcohol.
2-clinical parameter as organomegaly, ascites, jaundice.
3-laboratory investigations:
-blood samples were taken for the following.
-Liver function tests.
• Determination of liver function tests of the patients
The liver function tests of the patients include ALT, AST, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, hemoglobin, albumin and serum creatinine. These values were measured using spectrophotometry by bio-diagnostic Egypt.
• Genomic DNA extraction
2 ml of fasting peripheral blood will be collect from all volunteers, into a test tube containing EDTA and stored at -80 C. Genomic DNA extraction from whole blood using DNA extraction kit (QIAMP DNA Blood Mini Kit and stored at -80°C. Extracted DNA was applied to a 1% agarose gel to confirm the presence of genomic DNA.
• Determination of DNA concentration and quality:
If the sample is pure (without significant amounts of contaminants as proteins, phenol or agarose) spectrophotometric quantitation of the DNA is reliable. The nucleic acids in DNA absorb light in the ultraviolet range (200-400 nm) with an absorption peak at 260 nm. Proteins have an absorption peak at 280 nm. Spectrophotometric readings should be taken at both wavelengths, and Kalckar’s formula (the OD260/OD280 ratio) should be used to provide an estimate for the purity of the nucleic acid.
Pure preparations of DNA have OD260/OD280 values of 1.8 or 2.0 respectively. If there is contamination with proteins, the ratio will be significantly less than the values given above. The concentration of DNA can be estimated by Beer-Lamberts law.