الفهرس 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Weed flora in onion cropOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Survey of associated weeds with onion plants in nile valley andsurrounded by desert in assiut governorate:This study was conducted in order to identify the weed species in onion fields in Assiut governorate between November and December 2014 season. The results of study showed that 15 weed species (Avena fatua L., Lolium temulentum L., Polypogon monspeliensis (L.)Dest, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Cyperus rotundus L., Amaranthus viridis L. Ammi majus L., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Cichorium endivia L., Malva parviflora L., Plantago major L., Rumex dentatus L., Silybium marianumt L., Sonchus oleraceus L. and Convonvulus arvensis L.) belonging to 10 families were observed within the surveyed onion fields in valley and surrounded by desert in Assiute governorate.
Weed species did not differ between Nile valley and surrounded by desert lands, Avena fatua and Rumex dentatus were the most frequent weeds in Nile valley surveyed fields with (88.8%) frequency and Rumex dentatus is the most frequent weeds in surveyed fields with (94%) surrounded by desert. General density, A. fatua was more weed species in all numbers of weeds in Nile valley fields and surrounded by desert fields (9.50 and 5.72 plant/m2, respectively) with regards to narrow leaved weeds. While, Amaranthus viridis was most prevalent weeds species in Nile valley and surrounded by desert fields (7.77 and 6.05 plant/m2 respectively) in regards to broad leaved weeds.>from these results, we can develop a successful chemical control program of weeds in the onion fields based on the knowledge of the types of weeds, frequency and their density numerical, also to study the effect of some herbicides used in control onion weeds and its impact on onion plants to reduce of phytotoxicity for these herbicides on onion plants.-Comparative efficacy of different herbicides for controlling weeds in
onion nursery:
Two experiments were carried out at farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Al Azhar University, Assiut in 2014/2015 seasons to Study the efficacy of herbicides with different rates for controlling broad and narrow leaved weeds and growth of onion seedlings in nursery, herbicides applied either alone or combination as following: Oxadiazon (280.5, 187.5 and 93.75) a.i.g/fed, Bromoxynil octanoate (180, 120 and
60) a.i.g/fed,Oxyfluorfen (270, 180 and 90) a.ig/fed,Clethodim (93.75, 62.5 and 31.25) a.i.g/fed,Fluazifop-p- butyl (281.25, 187.5 and 93.75)
a.i.g/fed, Haloxyfop-methyl (105.3, 70.2 and 35.1) a.i.g/fed, pendimethalin (1023.75, 682.5 and 341.25), Clethodim + Oxyfluorfen (93.75+270, 62.5+180 and 31.25+90) a.i.g/fed and Fluazifop-p-butyl+Oxyfluorfen (281.25+270, 187.5+180 and 93.75+90) a.i.g/fed.
Results showed that weed control efficiency (WCE) for broad leaved species the maximum percent was recorded for Oxyfluorfen (270 a.i.g/fed) and minimum percent was recorded with Oxadiazon (93.75 a.i/fed). In controlling narrow leaved weed species, the maximum percent was recorded in Clethodim (93.75 a.i.g/fed) treatments. The minimum percent of weed control efficiency was recorded for Clethodim (31.25 a.ig/fed) and Fluazifop-p- butyl (93.75) a.ig/fed. Weed control efficiency varies with pendimethalin from maximum percent was recorded in (1023.75) a.ig/fed on all weed species population, minimum was recorded in (341.25) a.ig/fed.
In combination of some herbicides, maximum percent was recorded in Clethodim+Oxyfluorfen combination (93.75+270) a.ig/fed on all weed species populations. Minimum percent of weed control efficiency was recorded in Fluazifop-p- butyl+Oxyfluorfen combination (93.75+90) a.i.g/fed. Higher seedling length and weight were recorded
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with (Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim) treatment when applied at (180+62.5)
a.ig/fed.
Effect of oxadiazon treatments on broad leaved weeds density:
Data show the effect of oxadiazon (280.5, 187.5 and 93.75 a.i g/fed), herbicide with three rates on broad leaved weeds density in 2014/2015 season. Weed density and 60 was recorded at 30 and 60 days after application. At 30 and 60 days after oxadiazon (280.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and 60 days after Oxadiazon (187.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. arvensis. At 30 days after Oxadiazon (93.75 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum decrease significant density was recorded in P. major and C. arvensis respectively, as compared with control.
In 2015/2016 season at 30 and 60 days after oxadiazon (280.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. arvensis. And S. marianumt respectively. At 30 and 60 days after Oxadiazon (187.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum decrease significant in density was recorded in C. ambrosioides. and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and 60 days after Oxadiazon (93.75 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and S. marianumt respectively as compared with control.
Effect of bromoxynil octanoate treatments on broad leaved weeds
density:
At 30 and 60 days after bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and 60 days after bromoxynil octanoate (120 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and 60 days after bromoxynil octanoate (60 a.i g/fed) application, the
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minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and A.
viridis respectively.
In 2015/2016 season At 30 and 60 days after bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and 60 days after bromoxynil octanoate (120 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. arvensis. At 30 and 60 days after bromoxynil octanoate (60 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. arvensis.
Effect of oxyfluorfen treatments on broad leaved weeds density:
At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in A. majus. At 30 and60 days after oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. endivia and R. dentatus respectively. At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen (90 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. endivia.
In 2015/2016 season, At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and A. majus respectively. At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in A. majus and C. endivia respectively. At 30 days after oxyfluorfen (90 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. ambrosioides and C. endivia respectively.
Effect of clethodim treatment on narrow leaves weed density:
In 2014/2015 season, At 30 and 60 days after clethodim (93.75a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim (62.5 a.i g/fed)
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application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum and C. dactylm respectively. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim (31.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. In 2015/2016 season, At 30 and 60 days after clethodim (93.75a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim (62.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim (31.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum.
Effect of fluazifop-p-butyl treatments on narrow leaved weeds
density:
At 30 and 60 days after fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in
L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after fluazifop-p-butyl (187.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after fluazifop-p-butyl (93.75 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in
L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 days after fluazifop-p-butyl (187.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 60 days minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. dactylm. At 30 and 60 days after fluazifop-p-butyl (93.75 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum.
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Effect of haloxyfop-P-methyl treatments on narrow leaved weeds
density:
In 2014/2015 season, at 30 and 60 days after haloxyfop-P-methyl (105.3 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after haloxyfop-P-methyl (70.2 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. monspeliensis and L. temulentum, C. dactylm respectively. At 30 and 60 days after haloxyfop-P-methyl (35.1 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. In 2015/2016 season, At 30 and 60 days after haloxyfop-P-methyl (105.3 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 days after haloxyfop-P-methyl (70.2 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 60 days minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. dactylm. At 30 and 60 days after haloxyfop-P-methyl (35.1 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant in decrease density was recorded in L. temulentum.
Effect of clethodim+haloxyfop-Pmethyl treatments on narrow leaved
weedd density:
In 2014/2015 season, at 30 and days after clethodim+haloxyfop-Pmethyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum and A. fatua respectively. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim+haloxyfop-Pmethyl (62.5+70.2 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in
L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim+haloxyfop-Pmethyl (31.25+35.1a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in weeds density was recorded in L. temulentum andC. dactylm respectively. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim+haloxyfop-Pmethyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was
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recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after clethodim+haloxyfop-Pmethyl (62.5+70.2 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum.
Effect of herbicides combinations on broad and narrow leaved weeds
density in 2014/2015 season:
At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in A. viridis, C. endivia, M. parviflora, P. major, S. oleraceus and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+clethodim (90+31.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum decrease significant density was recorded in P. major. At 60 days minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. dactylm.
In 2015/2016 season, At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. monspeliensis, A. viridis, A. majus, L. temulentum, C. ambrosioides, C. endivia, M. parviflora, P. major, R. dentatus, S. oleraceus and C. endivia respectively. At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. endivia, A. viridis and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+clethodim (90+31.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. arvensis and
C. dactylm respectively. At 30 and days after oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (270+281.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. endivia and C. arvensis
respectively. At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (180+187.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in A. majus, S. marianumt, A. viridis with and C. ambrosioides and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 and days after
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oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (90+93.75a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and P. monspeliensis respectively.
In 2014/2015 season, at 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+ fluazifop-p-butyl (270+281.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. endivia and A. fatua respectively. At 30 days after oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (180+187.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in A. majus and C. arvensis respectively. At 30 days after oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (90+93.75a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and P. monspeliensis respectively. In 2015/2016 season, at 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (270+281.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in L. temulentum. At 30 and 60 days after oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (180+187.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. arvensis. At 30 days after oxyfluorfen+fluazifop-p-butyl (90+93.75a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in in weeds density was recorded in S. marianumt and P. monspeliensis, respectively.
Effect of pre emergence pendimethalin treatments on broad and
narrow leaved weeds density:
In 2014/2015 season, weed density of was recorded at 30 and 60 days after application. At 30 and 60 days after pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in weeds density was recorded in L. temulentum and P. major, respectively. At 30 and 60 days after pendimethalin (682.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum
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significant decrease in weeds density was recorded in C. endivia and S. marianumt, respectively. At 30 and 60 days after pendimethalin (341.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in A. fatua and C. arvensis, respectively compared with control. In 2015/2016 season, At 30 and 60 days after pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in C. ambrosioides and C. arvensis, respectively. At 30 and 60 days after pendimethalin (682.5 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in A. majus and C. arvensis, respectively. At 30 and 60 days after pendimethalin (341.25 a.i g/fed) application, the minimum significant decrease in density was recorded in P. major and C. dactylm, respectively.
Effect of herbicides and hand hoeing treatments on total broad
leaved weeds population:
At 30 days treatment in season, 2014/2015 the minimum weed population recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment. While in season 2015/2016 the minimum weed population recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) and followed by oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) and hand hoeing treatments. At 60 days treatment in season 2014/2015 the minimum weed population recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) followed by hand hoeing treatments. While in 2015/2016 season the minimum weed population recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) followed by hand hoeing and oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) treatments as compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and hand hoeing treatments on total narrow
leaved weed population:
In the two seasons at 30 days after treatment the minimum weed population recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) treatment and clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed)
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treatments. At 60 days the minimum weed population recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed) and clethodim (62.5 a.i g/fed) treatments as compared with control.
Effect of herbicides combinations on total narrow leaves weed
population:
At 30 and 60 days after treatment in season 2014/2015, the minimum weed population recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by Clethodim+Haloxyfop-P-methyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control.
Effect of herbicides combinations on total weed population:
In the two seasons at 30 and 60 days after treatment the minimum weed population (2.66) recorded in oxyfluorfen + clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment.
Effect of pre-emergence herbicide on total weed population:
In the two seasons, at 30 days after treatment the minimum weed population recorded in pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment. At 60 days after treatment the minimum weed population recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control.
Effect of herbicides on total dry weight broad leaved weeds:
At 30 days after treatment in the two season the minimum dry weight recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control. At 60 days the minimum dry weight recorded in hand hoeing treatment and followed by oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control.
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Effect of herbicides on total dry weight narrow leaved weeds:
At 30 and 60 days after treatment in the two seasons the minimum dry weight recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by clethodim (62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control.
Effect of herbicides combinations on total dry weight of narrow
leaved weeds:
At 30 and 60 days after treatment in the two seasons the minimum dry weight recorded in hand hoeing treatment and followed by clethodim+haloxyfop-p-methyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment compared with control.
Effect of herbicides combinations on total dry weight of weeds:
At 30 days treatment in the two seasons the minimum dry weight recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control. At 60 days in two seasons, the minimum dry weight recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by hand hoeing treatment compared with control.
Effect of pre-emergence herbicides combinations on total dry weight
weeds:
At 30 days treatment in the two seasons the minimum dry weight recorded in pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control. At 60 days in the two seasons, the minimum dry weight recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment.
Effect of herbicides on total fresh weight of broad leaved weeds:
At 30 days after treatment in season 2014/2015, the minimum fresh weight recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) treatment. While in season 2015/2016 the minimum dry weight recorded in oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) treatment
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followed by oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control. In the two seasons at 60 after treatment days in season 2014/2015 the minimum fresh weight recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) as compared with control at all herbicides used for controlling broad leaves weed.
Effect of herbicides on total fresh weight of narrow leaved weeds:
At 30 days after treatment in the two seasons, the minimum fresh weight recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control. At 60 days after treatment in the two seasons minimum fresh weight recorded in clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by hand hoeing treatment compared with control.
Effect of herbicide combinations on total fresh weight narrow leaves
weeds:
At 30 and 60 days after treatment in two seasons the minimum fresh weight of narrow leaved weeds recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by clethodim+haloxyfop-p-methyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control.
Effect of herbicide combinations on total fresh weight of weeds:
At 30 days after treatment in the two seasons the minimum fresh weight recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) followed by oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatments as compared with control at all herbicides used for controlling onion weeds. At 60 days after treatment in two seasons minimum dry weight recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by hand hoeing treatment compared with control.
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Effect of pre-emergence herbicide combinations on total fresh weight
weeds:
At 30 days after treatment in the two seasons the minimum fresh weight recorded in pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) followed by pendimethalin (682.5 a.i g/fed) treatments as compared with control. At 60 days after treatment in the two seasons minimum fresh weight recorded in hand hoeing treatment and followed by pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment as compared with control.
Total Weed control efficiency (WCE %)
The total broad leaved weeds density was significantly altered by different weed control treatments at 30 DAT during 2014/2015 season, among the different herbicide treatments, the highest WCE (94.57%) was recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by (90.19%) in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment, at 60 DAT the highest WCE (87.89%) was recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (84.68%) in hand hoeing treatment. In 2015/2016 season at 30 DAT, the highest weed control efficiency (90.73 %) was recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (89.55%) under hand hoeing treatment and (89.45%) in oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) treatment. At 60 DAT the highest weed control efficiency (84.87%) was recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (84.24%) in hand hoeing treatment.
The total narrow leaved weed density was significantly altered by different weed control treatments. At 30 DAT during 2014/2015 season, the highest weed control efficiency (91.06%) was registered under hand hoeing treatment followed by (65.96%) under fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) treatment and (64.28 %) under Clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment. At 30 DAT during 2015/2016 season, the highest weed control efficiency (90.07%) was recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by (65.48%) in fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) treatment and (65.01%)
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under clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment. At 60 DAT the highest weed control efficiency (85.65%) was recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by (68.27%) in fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) treatment and (76.64%) in clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment.
The total narrow leaved weed density was significantly altered by different weed control with herbicide combinations treatments at 30 DAT, during 2014/2015 season, the highest weed control efficiency (91.06%) was recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by (68.54%) in clethodim+ haloxyfop-P-methyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment. at 60 DAT, during 2014/2015 season, the highest weed control efficiency (86.37%) was recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by (76.06%) in clethodim+haloxyfop-P-methyl (93.75 +105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment.
At 30 DAT, during 2015/2016 season, the highest weed control efficiency (90.07%) was recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by (67.78%) in clethodim+haloxyfop-P-methyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment. At 60 DAT, the highest weed control efficiency (85.65 %) was recorded in hand hoeing treatment followed by (74.32%) in clethodim+haloxyfop-P-methyl (93.75+105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment. The total broad and narrow leaved weed density was significantly altered by different weed control treatments at 30 DAT during 2014/2015 season, the highest weed control efficiency (98.51%) was recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (97.98%) in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment. While at 60 DAT, the highest weed control efficiency (94.24%) was recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (85.24%) in hand hoeing treatment and (84.34%) under oxyfluorfen+ clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment. At 30 DAT, during 2015/2016 season, the highest weed control efficiency (98.7%) was recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by
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(97.57%) in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment. While at 60 DAT, the highest weed control efficiency (92.5%) was recorded in oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (84.71%) in hand hoeing treatment and (82.3%) under oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment. The total broad and narrow leaved weed density was significantly altered by different weed control treatments, the highest weed control efficiency (97.56%) was recorded in pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (93.4%) in hand hoeing treatment. At 60 DAT during 2014/2015 season, the highest weed control efficiency (81.51%) was recorded in pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (85.24%) in hand hoeing treatment. While, the lowest weed control efficiency (55.32%) was recorded in pendimethalin (341.25 a.i g/fed) treatment.
At 30 DAT during 2015/2016 season, among the different pendimethalin herbicide treatments of weed control efficiency was found the highest weed control efficiency (95.24%) was recorded in pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (89.724%) in hand hoeing treatment. At 60 DAT during 2015/2016 season, the highest weed control efficiency (79.83%) was recorded in pendimethalin (1023.75 a.i g/fed) treatment followed by (84.71%) in hand hoeing treatment.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on Plant height (cm).
Data refer to significant among the different treatments and showed that mean plant height under different treatments of herbicides is given the highest Plant at 70 day was recorded at Clethodim (62.5 a.i g/fed) with followed by Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (90+31.25 a.i g/fed) compared with control. at 120 day was recorded at Oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) followed by Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) compared with control. In season 2015/2016 highest Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (90 a.i g/fed) followed by Oxyfluorfen (90 a.i g/fed) and Fluazifop-p- butyl (93.75 a.i g/fed) respectively. The highest Plant at 120 day was recorded at Oxyfluorfen +Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) followed by Oxyfluorfen +Clethodim (90+31.25 a.i g/fed) compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on Number of leaves:
Data refer to in season 2014/2015 number of leaves per plant increased significantly with the different herbicides and their combinations treatments and hand hoeing at 70 day, Maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed), Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) and hand hoeing, at 120 day, Maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) and hand hoeing compared with control. In season 2015/2016 number of leaves per plant increased significantly with the different herbicides and their combinations treatments and hand hoeing at 70 day. Maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed), Oxyfluorfen (90 a.i g/fed), Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed), Pendimethalin (682.5 a.i g/fed) and hand hoeing compared with control. At 120 day, Maximum number of leaves per plant was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) and hand hoeing compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on hydrolysable
carbohydrates:
The hydrolysable carbohydrates increased significantly with the different herbicides and their combinations treatments and hand hoeing at 70 and 120 day in two seasons, maximum value was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed).
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Effect of herbicides and their combinations on pigment content in
onion leaves:
Chlorophyll (a and b) concentarations in season 2014/2015 were determined in onion leaves at 70, 120 day from transplanting data showed with different significants for application herbicides and their combinations treatments and hand hoeing. At 70 day Chlorophyll a and b concentrations, increased significantly with Maximum value was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) while decrease significantly with minimum value was recorded with application of Bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed). compared with control. At 120 day, Chlorophyll a concentration increased significantly with Maximum value was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen + Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) while decrease significantly with minimum value was recorded with application of Haloxyfop-P-methyl (105.3 a.i g/fed) compared with control. Chlorophyll b concentration, increased significantly with maximum value was recorded at hand hoeing followed by application of Oxyfluorfen + Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) while minimum value was recorded decrease significantly with application of Bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed) compared with control. In season 2015/2016, at 70 day Chlorophyll a concentration, increased significantly with Maximum value was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) while decrease significantly with minimum value was recorded with application of Bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed)) compared with control. Chlorophyll b concentration, increased significantly with maximum value was recorded with application of Oxyfluorfen (180 a.i g/fed) while minimum value was recorded decrease significantly with application of Bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed) compared with control. At 120 day, Chlorophyll a concentration increased significantly with Maximum value was recorded with
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application of Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) while decrease significantly with minimum value was recorded with application of Haloxyfop-P-methyl (105.3 a.i g/fed) compared with control. Chlorophyll b concentration, increased significantly with maximum value was recorded at hand hoeing followed by application of Oxyfluorfen (180a.i g/fed), while minimum value was recorded decrease significantly with application of Bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed) compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on N P K in onion plant
and bulbs:
Data refer to in season 2014/2015 total nitrogen in onion plant varied significantly with the different herbicides and their combinations treatments and hand hoeing at 70 and 120 days in two seasons, maximum value was recorded with application of oxyfluorfen+clethodim (270+93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment compared with control. In two seasons at 70 day, maximum value was recorded with application of fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) treatment, at 120 day, maximum value was recorded with application of fluazifop-p-butyl (281.25 a.i g/fed) treatment compared with control. In two seasons, at 70 and 120 days, maximum value was recorded with application of haloxyfop-P-methyl (105.3 a.i g/fed) treatment compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on hydrolysable
carbohydrates in onion bulb:
Effect of different herbicides and their combinations treatments on the hydrolysable carbohydrates carbohydrates content of onion bulb In two seasons, among all treatments highest hydrolysable carbohydrates carbohydrates value was recorded in Oxyfluorfen (90 a.i g/fed)-Summary
Sulphur content and total soluble solids:
Pungency is important attributes of onion bulb quality for processing and storage. Sweetness in onion is a balance between single sugar and pungency. In two seasons data show decrease Significantly in all herbicides and their combinations treatments, highest sulphur content (8.33 µmoles pyruvate/g) was recorded in Bromoxynil octanoate (180 a.i g/fed). Among all treatments in two seasons, highest TSS value (15.8) was recorded in Clethodim (93.75 a.i g/fed) was closely followed by Fluazifop-p- butyl 281.25 a.i g/fed) compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on average bulb weight (g/m2) and number of bulb:
In 2014/2015 season the highest average bulb weight (2810) g was recorded under Hand hoeing treatment, followed by Oxyfluorfen+ Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment. In 2015/2016 season the highest average bulb weight (2857) g was recorded under Hand hoeing treatment, followed by Oxyfluorfen(180 a.i g/fed) treatment and Oxyfluorfen + Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment. Data show the number of bulb increased significantly with the different treatments of herbicides and their combinations among all treatments and hand hoeing. In two seasons maximum number of bulb was recorded with the application of Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on bulb diameter and>neck thickness:
Data for various herbicide and their combinations treatments with respect to the bulb diameter are summarized in two seasons, the maximum bulb diameter was recorded under the treatment Oxyfluorfen+Clethodim (180+62.5a.i g/fed) compared with control treatment. Neck thickness being an indicator of storage life varied
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significantly in response to herbicidal treatments, maximum neck thickness was observed in hand hoeing treatment followed numerically similar neck thickness at Oxyfluorfen (180a.i g/fed), Clethodim (93.75a.i g/fed), and pendimethalin (341.25 a.i g/fed) treatments compared with control, minimum neck thickness was recorded in Bromoxynil octanoate (60 a.i g/fed) treatment. While in season 2015/2016 maximum neck thickness was observed in hand hoeing treatment followed by pendimethalin (341.25 a.i g/fed) treatment, minimum neck thickness was recorded in Oxyfluorfen (90 a.i g/fed) compared with control cm.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on average bolters anddoubles of bulb:The results revealed that the effect of all herbicidal treatments varied decrease significantly for average bolters bulb weight, among all the treatment. In two seasons, the highest average bolters weight was found in oxadiazon (93.75 a.i g/fed) treatment. However, lowest average bolters weight was recorded in oxyfluorfen (270 a.i g/fed) treatment compared with control. Among all the treatment, In two seasons, the highest average doubles bulb weight was found in pendimethalin (341.25 a.i g/fed) treatment compared with control.
Effect of herbicides and their combinations on total yield ton/fed:
The effect of different herbicides and their combinations treatments on the total yield (ton/fed) data depicted that the total yield increased significantly in response to applied herbicides and their combinations. In two seasons, significantly highest bulb yield was observed in hand hoeing followed by oxyfluorfen+clethodim (180+62.5 a.i g/fed) treatment.Plant at 70 day was recorded at.