الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 129 |  |  |
| | | from | 129 | | |
Abstract
Surface water are exposed to pollution from the large quantities effluent that industry daily discharge into the rivers, sewage works, etc. with ions of non-ferrous toxic metals such as nickel, cadmium, zinc, lead, magnesium and cupper. Several techniques are available for the removal such ions from waste water, including precipitation and separation by using ion exchange. In recent years, other processes have been developed with offer certain advantages, among them, natural sorbents such as different types of animal bones ( caw , camel and sheep bone ) and natural plant ( nile rose plant). The advantages of these materials are due to low cost and their metal binding capacities and their ability to remove unwanted heavy metals from contaminated water.
This work had been done in an attempt to help in the industrial waste pollution problem. characterization of the natural sorbents using x-ray fluorescence , x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy was concerned. Capacity, equilibrium measurements and selectivity behaviour for Cu2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Pb2+ ions were determined on natural resins. Besides it involves a study of the removal of these toxic elements from waste water of solutions using column beds.
The work carried out in this thesis are summarized into three main parts, namely; the introduction, the experimental and the results and discussion.
First part
The first part is the introduction which includes the type of pollution, toxicity and chemistry of some heavy metals, different tools used for the treatment of waste water and finally the treatment of waste water using natural resins. Literature survey was carried out to cover almost the last three decodes related to the proposed subject.
Second part
The second part is the experimental which includes the chemicals used as well as the instrumentation, the analytical techniques and procedures used in this thesis were also described.
Third part
The third part deals with the results and discussion. The interpretation of data indicated that:-
1- An ignition effect of the animal bones on the %uptake of cation was investigated to find the suitable heat treatment of bones and for all further experiments bone was treated at 950oC.
2- The preliminary studied of the sorption indicated that the equilibrium was attend for Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions on caw , camel and sheep bone and Nile rose plant within 3 hrs.
3- Absorption capacity of natural sorbents for some heavy metals such as Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ions [50 mg/l ]was carried out using a batch technique with batch factor V/m equal to 100 and 200 ml/g for animal bones and nile rose plant, respectively.
4- The results of adsorption capacities of ions on animal bones and nile rose plant showed that the efficiency of animal bones for Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ are higher than these obtained for nile rose plant which may be due to the higher calcium content of bones than nile rose plant that may be act as an exchangeable active sites.
5- the pH of the medium has directly proportional with the %uptake of Cu2+,Mn2+ , Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions on camel, caw and sheep bones and nile rose plant. This behavior may be due to the cationic exchange properties of the natural sorbents used with the cations.
6- Effect of pH of the medium on the distribution coefficients ( Kd ) of Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions on natural sorbents indicated that the suitable pH of the medium was in the range 1.0 to 5.0 for Cu2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+ ions except for Mn2+ ion precipitation is occurred at pH above 1.5 .
7- Kd values of ions are increased with increasing the pH of the solution from 1.0 to 5.0 . This behavior may be attributed to as the pH increased , the H+ ion concentration in the feed solution are decreased and the chance of the exchange are increased leading to an increasing in the Kd values of ions on animal bones and nile rose plant to different extent. The selectivity order of the studied cations on the natural sorbents used have the order; Pb2+>Ni2+> Mn2+> Cu2+.
8- The batch factor has inversely effect for the uptake of ions on animals bones and proportionally effect on % uptake of ions on nile rose plant due to the very low density of nile rose plant and high surface area that leads to high contact of the an exposed surface area of the sorbents with the solution may be due to an increasing the uptake of ions.
9- Apparent capacity of natural sorbents for ions was measured and indicated the the selectivity sequence for the studied cations are Pb2+> Mn2+> Ni2+> Cu2+ for caw and sheep bones and Mn2+> Pb2+> Ni2+> Cu2+ for camel and nile rose plant.
10- The results of the effect of batch factor indicated that the of maximum weight from natural sorbents sufficient for the quantitative removal of Cu2+, Mn2+ , Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions is 50 mg.
11- The application of the Freundlich and Langmuir equations to the sorption of Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions on natural sorbents indicated that all these elements obey Freundlich isotherm and it was physically adsorption.
12- The retention of Cu2+, Mn2+ , Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions on natural sorbents column beds were calculated. The data shows that the breakthrough capacity (BCT) for Cu2+, Mn2+ , Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions was in the range 2.72 to13.94 mg/g of caw bone, 1.36 to 21.93 mg/g of camel bone, 2.72 to 39.45 mg/g of sheep bone and finally, 3.06 to 48.23 mg/g of nile rose plant. Also application studies were extended to the removal of some heavy metal ions from industrial toxic waste solution.