الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work aims to:
Evaluate the optimum process conditions for biodiesel production i.e. free fatty acid (FFA), alcohol concentration, catalyst type & concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time.
Manufacture of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and straight vegetable oil (palm and sunflower) by the transesterification process.
Measure the physiochemical properties of produced biodiesel, compare the results with standards of the Egyptian’s diesel fuel and the two international standards of biodiesel (ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214).
Investigate the performance, emission, noise, and vibration of different fuels in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The fuels of interest here are diesel fuel, different biodiesel blends (B0 to B100) from waste cooking oil (palm and sunflower) and biodiesel blends (B5 and B10) from straight vegetable oil (palm and sunflower) with diesel fuel at wide range of operating conditions of speeds (1500 – 3500rpm) and loads (no load – 65% load).
Investigate the influence of different injection pressures (IP) on the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine with mentioned fuels and operating conditions.
Present the cost analysis of biodiesel production from waste cooking oils and compare the costs with Egyptian diesel and U.S diesel &biodiesel.
The results showed that:
- The optimum process variables to produce biodiesel were 20% methanol, 1% KOH, 90 minutes as a reaction time and 65oC as a reaction temperature.
- The physiochemical for produced biodiesel fuel was within the recommended standards of the Egyptian Diesel fuel and International biodiesel fuel (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214).
- The production cost of biodiesel from waste oil can be reduced more than 65% if the amount of produced oil more than 1000000 liters.
- The use of 5% of biofuels increases fuel consumption about 1%, which means saving in diesel fuel by about 4% (more than $ 21 million), If 10% of biodiesel is used, fuel consumption increases by 2.3%, which means saving 7.7% of the fuel (more than 41 million dollars/year).
- Air pollution costs Egypt from 3 – 6 % of gross domestic product (GDP). If biodiesel blend (B5) is used, the CO emission will be reduced by about 70%, PM emission will decrease by about 50%, NOx emission will decrease by about 60% and HC emission will decrease about 54% this will reduce the costs of health care because of pollutants.
- The use of 5% biodiesel reduces engine noise by 3% and reduces the tailpipe noise by 2%. Also engine vibration with B5 was lower than diesel by about 11% in both directions.
- The fuel injection pressure plays a significant role in decrease the fuel consumption at all operating points. At different engine speeds, with the decreases in the fuel IP from 120 to 100 kg/cm2 fuel consumption increase up to 19 %, while increasing the fuel IP from 120 to 140 kg/cm2 lead to decrease the engine fuel consumption 13%.
- The average of increase in engine BP is about 11% due to increase IP from 120 to 140 kg/cm2 while the average decreasing of BP is about 12% due to decreasing IP from 120 to 100 kg/cm2.
- It is recommended to use biodiesel (up to 10%) as an alternative to diesel fuel without any change in the engines.