الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Alargenumberofheavymetalshavebeenreportedtoproduceseveralenvironmentalandhealthhazards.Pbisanimportantexampleofaheavymetalwhichhasbeenusedforseveralyearsinseveralapplications.Itisfoundinallenvironmentalmediaincludingair,water,andsoilproducingseveralhealthhazardsespeciallytochildren.Theconsequencesinclude;neurobehavioral,hematological,renal,hepatic,reproductive,carcinogenic,andcardiovasculareffects.
ThisstudywasplannedinordertoshedlightonhoworallyingestedleadacetateasanexampleofPbcompoundsmightinfluencetheblood,liver,kidney,andspleenonmalealbinoratsthroughthefollowingmethodology:
a. Repeatedadministrationofrats:
1. Fiftyfourmalealbinoratsweredividedtotwogroups(27rat/group).GroupIwascontrolgroup,andgroupIIwasthetreatedgroup.
2. GroupI(controlgroup)wasgivenadailyoraldoseofdistilledwaterviaoralgavagefor12weeks,6daysaweek.
3. GroupII(treatedgroup)wasgiven30mg/kgb.wt.(1/20LD50Pbacetate)viaoralgavagefor12weeks,6daysaweek.
4. Weightofratsinbothgroupswasrecordedattheendofeveryweekofthestudy.
b. Animalsacrifice:
Twentyrats10treatedand10control(forweek4group;only14ratswerepicked7treatedand7control)wererandomlypickedattheendofweek4,8,and12.Ratswereweightedandweightwasrecordedbeforesacrifice.
c. Tissueextraction:
1. Bloodsamples:
Bloodwascollectedviacardiacpunctureinthreeepindorfftubespereachrat.Bloodsampleswerecollectedatthedayofsacrifice,andimmediatelydividedtothreepartswhichwerecollectedinthreetesttubesasfollows:
d) Part(1):2mlofbloodwereimmediatelycollectedinanepindorfftubecontainingEDTAasanticoagulantforhematologicalassay.
e) Part(2):2mlofbloodwereimmediatelycollectedinanepindorfftubecontainingHeparinasanticoagulantforleadaccumulationassay.
f) Part(3):2mlofbloodwereimmediatelycollectedinanepindorffcentrifugetube,allowedtoclotatroomtemperature,andusedfordeterminationofliverenzymes(ALTandAST),andkidneyfunctionSerumCreatinine(Scr).
Twobloodsamples(Part1andPart3)wereimmediatelytransportedtoaprivatelaboratoryinaniceboxtoexecuterequiredtestsforbothparts.Bloodsample(Part2)wasimmediatelyputtofreezeforaccumulationassay.Itwasplacedintherefrigeratoroftheenvironmentalchemistrylaboratory,HIPH.
2. Liver,kidneys,andspleensamples:
Liver,kidneys,andspleenwereobtainedbydissection,freedfromadheringtissues,andfreshweightswererecordedatthedayofeachsacrifice, thenwerefreezedseparatelytillaccumulationassay.Theywereplacedintherefrigeratoroftheenvironmentalchemistrylaboratory,HIPH.
d. Resultsofthestudy:
Allresultsobtainedinweeks4,8,and12willbesummarizedasfollows:
a. Leadaccumulationinblood,kidney,liver,andspleen:
1. Blood:TherewasasignificantincreaseofPbconcentrationintreatedratswhencomparedtocontrol.Meanvaluesintreatedgroupwere31.32±7.28,42.15±23.6,40.75±0.95µg/dlinweek4,8,and12respectively,whilemeanvaluesincontrolgroupweretraces
2. Kidneys:TherewasasignificantincreaseofkidneyPbconcentrationsintreatedratswhencomparedtocontrol.Meanvalueswere10.16±5.54,12.25±11.21,and13.89±7.42µg/ginweek4,8,and12respectively;whileincontrolmeanvaluesweretrace values.
3. Liver:Anothersignificantincreasewasdetectedinliverleadconcentrationsintreatedgroupwhencomparedtocontrol.Treatedgroupmeanvalueswere1.09±0.42,1.54±0.25,and1.95±0.57µg/g,whileincontrolgroupwere traces.
4. Spleen:Significantincreasesinspleenleadconcentrationsoftreatedratswhencomparedtocontrol.Treatedgroupmeanvalueswere0.80±0.61,0.33±015,and0.84±0.29µg/g,whileincontroltheyweretrace values.
Astrongpositivecorrelationwasdetectedbetweenbloodleadconcentrationswithkidneyleadconcentrationsandliverleadconcentrationsoftreatedratsinweek4,8,and12(nocorrelationwasdetectedbetweenbllandspleenleadconcentrations),whilenocorrelationwasdetectedincontrolgroupalongstudyperiod.ConcerningPbaccumulationinsofttissuesoftreatedrats;highestconcentrationwasdetectedinkidneysfollowedbyliverandspleenindescendingorder(p≤0.05).
b. Leadaccumulationeffectonsomeliverenzymes,kidneyfunction,weightgain,andbloodpicture:
1. Liverenzymes:ConcerningALTenzyme;AsignificantincreaseinALTlevelsoftreatedratsinweeks8and12whencomparedtocontrol,meanALTvaluesintreatedgroupwere22.67±11,27.0±11.38,and36.8±3.71IU/l,whileincontrolgroupmeanvalueswere17.14±3.8,15.7±3.62,and18.8±4.64IU/linweek4,8,and12respectively.
AstrongpositivecorrelationwasdetectedbetweenleadconcentrationsinbothbloodandliverwiththedetectedincreaseinALTlevelsintreatedratsinweek4,8,and12,whilenosuchcorrelationwasdetectedincontrolgroup.
AsforAST;asignificantincreaseinASTlevelsoftreatedratswasdetectedinweek12whencomparedtocontrol,meanASTvaluesoftreatedgroupwere96±17.24,106±38.42,and184±40.61IU/l,whiletheywereincontrol;91.57±39.33,121±46.91,and116.1±50.03IU/linweek4,8,and12respectively.
AnotherstrongpositivecorrelationwasdetectedbetweenleadconcentrationsinbothbloodandliverwiththedetectedincreaseinASTlevelsintreatedratsinweek8and12,whilenosuchcorrelationwasdetectedincontrolgroup(p≤0.05).
2. Kidneyfunction(Scr):AsignificantincreaseinScroftreatedratswhencomparedtocontrol,meanScrvaluesintreatedgroupwere1.10±0.16,1.18±0.29,and1.25±0.33mg/ml,whilemeanvaluesofcontrolwere0.72±0.34,0.71±0.23,and0.65±0.32mg/mlinweek4,8,and12respectively.
AstrongpositivecorrelationbetweenbllandScrlevelswasdetectedinweek8and12,while,thisstrongpositivecorrelationwasdetectedbetweenkidneyleadconcentrationandScrinweek4,8,and12.Nosuchcorrelationwasdetectedincontrolgroup(p≤0.05).
3. Bodyweightgain:Startingfrom8,increaseinweightoftreatedratswassignificantlylowerthanthatofcontrolgroup,andthistrendcontinuedtilltheendofthestudyperiod(p≤0.05).
4. Bloodpicture:NosignificantdifferenceinHb,WBCs,orRBCscountinweeks4,8,and12intreatedratswhencomparedtocontrolgroup(p≤0.05).
Recommendations:
• ContinuousmonitoringofPblevelsindifferentenvironmentalmediaincludingair,water,andsoil,andfoodproducts.
• CreatingdatabaselibrarytodocumentincidenceofhealtheffectsofPbanditsproducts,andestablishingstronglegalframeworkoflawsimprovingcontrolmeasurestopreventoverexposuretolead.
• ThedevelopmentofbiomarkermodelsandenvironmentaleducationalprogramstostudyandprotectagainsttheadversehealtheffectsofPb.