الفهرس 
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Abstract
Through this study, we had confirmed that the ethanolic extract of Ulva fasciata (Chlorophycophyceae), Gelidium latifolium and Jania rubens (Rhodophyceae) was capable of forming AgNPs by reducing AgNO3 solution and was proving to be an efficient, simple and eco-friendly method. We had characterized the synthesized AgNPs using several techniques, the characteristic absorption peak at 300- 400 nm in UV-visible spectrum for the studies algal species, TEM analysis of studies algal species synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited large and small spherical particles and small percentages of a rod and the characteristic peaks in the FT-IR spectrum revealed the presence of functional bio active metabolites in algal extract which was responsible for the formation of AgNPs. The chemical constituents, fatty acids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpernoids and aromatic compounds of study algal extracts were identified by GC-MS.
Nanoparticles made from algae were characterized by high stability for a long period of time, time formed less than 2 minutes, small size 100 - 200 nm and by the diversity of its forms (rod, triangle, spherical). Furthermore, the process of synthesis did not require the equipment complex, so it was not difficult or expensive or long time.
GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extracts of study algal showed the spectrum of compound fatty acids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpernoids, aromatic compounds having strong, antioxidant and antibacterial other prophylactic activities. For performing the present work, adult male albino rats were used, animals were divided into 8 groups. By the end of the experimental periods, all groups were sacrificed. The liver and kidney were rapidly removed from each animal for studying the histopathological change. Blood samples were collected from each rat for estimation of serum amino transferases (GOT and GPT), ˠ- glutamly transferase (GGT) and albumin (ALb). Determination of uric acid, creatinine and urea levels in serum. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis and revealed gentamicin induced a highly significant increase in serum activities of all measured enzymes, ALb, urea, creatinine and uric acid and alterations in the histopathology of liver and kidney. The treatment with an algal extract improves the level of enzymes, ALb, serum urea, creatinine and uric acid level. Also, improve the structural integrity of the liver and kidney. Moreover, when treated with algal nanoparticles, the results were better than treatment with algal extract. Algal nanoparticles exhibited a significant wide spectrum to treatment nephrotoxicity compared to algal extract.
Conclusion:
Increasing awareness towards green chemistry and biological processes have led to a desire to develop an environment-friendly approach for the synthesis of non-toxic nanoparticles. Unlike other processes in physical and chemical methods, which involve hazardous chemicals. Microbial biosynthesis of nanoparticles are cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. Therefore macro-marine algae synthesis of nanoparticles had been emerged as an important branch of nanobiotechnology. Due to their rich diversity, marine macroalgae have the innate potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles and they could be regarded as potential biofactories for nanoparticles synthesis. Especially, marine macroalgae have a rich source of chemically diverse compounds that can be used to develop novel, potent and useful therapeutic agents.
The present study concludes that nanoparticles of Ulva fasciata and Jania rubens have nephroprotective activity. These nanoparticles significantly attenuated the physiological and histopathological alterations induced by gentamicin. Algal nanoparticles caused highly improvement than algal extract in GM- induced nephrotoxicity parameters.