الفهرس 
الإطار العام البحثيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Ahmed Nasr Eldin Sayed (2014: 3 – 258) stated that low to tense sports training works on increasing lymphic white blood cells which improves the immune condition for the athlete, On the other hand , indicators refer that highly intense training for a long time results in negative results concerning the immune system that their influence lasts for 3-24 hours after training Being physically exhausted in some other hormones and metabolism factors lead to demotivating the immune system for instance, the cortisone hormone is a demotivating one for immunity particularly when excessively over secreted But when it is moderately secreted, it leads to the required positive unapt for immunity. All the previously mentioned factors, as a whole, reduce immunity, even partially, for the athlete.
Abdul Hadi Mesbah (1997 : 10, 81- 82 ) mentioned that doing codified sports helps to prevent heart diseases, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure also reduces the possibility of having digestive system ulcer , head ache , insomnia, depression, nervous tension ,diabetics and obesity. Doing codified sports is also considered to be one of most important factors that help motivate the immune system it has also been proved that athletes or practioners of physical sports have more resistance against the toxins of the environment and body illnesses. On the contrary, the less one does sports activities, the more it leads to accumulating harmful viruses and outputs of metabolism.
Also , Abu Ela Abdul-Fattah and Leila salah (1999 : 1-188) asserted that the effect of training loads varies according to the strength of load on the immunity system as immunity decrease may occur on using highly intense loads while immunity levels increase in training loads more than the athletes’ abilities lead to the weakness of their immunity system which makes them vulnerable to some diseases before competitions which may hinder these athletes from achieving or reaching the required level in competitions .
Husain Ahmed Heshmat (1999 : 8- 150 ) refers that physical training has a great effect on the immune system which must be taken into consideration on codifying the physical loads due to the vital role of the immune system plays in resisting diseases and the changes happening in the body on injuries and being hasty to go back to training after recuperation. The decrease in the performance of immunity prolongs the discontinuity of training period and also lessens fitness and level. The main function of blood is to get oxygen and nutrients to the cells and rid the body of harmful substances in addition to being a defense line against strange things that may attack the body through white blood corpuscle immune proteins enzymes and cetokions.
The Research Problem
Santos et al (2001: 29 -119) stated that highly intense training that is irrelevant to the abilities and capacities of the athletes may cause obvious hazard to the heart and blood vessels. Hence, the intense and continuity of the ”exciting” training load and the punctuality of training through the outputs or results of the red and white blood cells must be codified and restructured
Ahmed Nasr Eldin ( 2014 :3 -254 ) quoted from Zen P. line (2012 ) that doing strenuous training for long periods leads to temporary slides or down fall in different aspects of immunity functions, the change in level lymphic cells ( Neutrophil ), the multiplication of the monocyte cells. He also added that these changes lasts for 3 -24 hours after finishing training depending on the strength of training load .
Essam Helmy (1998 :23) pointed out that some coaches or trainers sometimes use the aerobic training vehemently or violently and much for training energy system of this one particularly this style leads to reaching or scoring several good results quickly . But this method does not benefit swimmers on the long run. It is thought that there must be an agreement with the gradual growth of the child in all sides or aspects particularly the physical structure and psychological aspects being pressures.
The researcher, through working as a swimming trainer has noticed that a lot of trainers use violent methods of training characterized by maximum strength and high factors and makings which are irrelevant to the abilities and capacities of the swimmers or their ages especially maximum speed exercises in more than one period of the season especially formal during the competition period before the competition or the sudden down fall of the load trying to achieve the best records for the junior swimmers whom they train . The researcher thinks that this may negatively affect the level and efficiency of the body vital systems on the long term particularly the immune system which functions to protect the human body from strange or harmful things that may threaten his survival and the waste of energy producing processes which highly accumulate on using these exercises. Consequently, this negatively affects the training level of deteriorating swimming sport, in particular, in Egypt.
Hence, through what is mentioned above, the researcher thinks that the aquatic and physical preparation based on sound scientific bases and the best and shortest methods to promote the functional level of the different boys systems. Codifying and gradating training loads to be relevant to and get on well with the physical and psychological athletes’ abilities and capacities. It is a must to take the age of the swimmers and the different seasons they pass into consideration that is what has got the researcher to carry out this study to know about the effect of the maximum speed effect on the morphology of the Neutrophil and some physiological variables for the respiratory system and the level record of juniors in swimming
Objectives of the Research:
This research aims to:
1 – Know about the effect of the maximum speed exercises on the Neutrophil cells (number - morphology).
2 – Know about the effect of the maximum speed exercises on some physiological variables for the respiratory system (bio – capacity, oxygen rate in blood, pulse rate, blood pressure).
3 – Know about the effect of the maximum speed exercises on the digital level of 100 meters of free swimming juniors.
Hypotheses of the Research:
1 – There is a statistically significant difference in the pre and post rubric of Neutrophil cells (number- morphology) .
2 – There is a statistically significant difference in the per and post rubric in some physiological variables of the respiratory system (bio – capacity, oxygenate in blood , pulse rate , blood pressure) .
3 - – there is a statistically significant difference in the per and post rubric in the digital level of 100 meters free swimming.
Terminology:
Neutrophil cells:
Neutrophil cells are cells that eat direct bacteria play a vital role in severe or acute inflammation and they are the first defense line of the human body against any strange bodies or things and tare violet colour. (3:245)
Procedures of the Research:
Plan and Research procedures:
Methodology:
The researcher used the experimental approach using one of the experimental designs’, the experimental design of one group using a pre- Post rubric as it is proper to the nature of this research.
Research Community:
The research community is swimmers of birth dates 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 in the National Bank Club in Giza governorate. They are registered in the Egyptian swimming federation in the training season 2016-2017. The number of the research community is (16) swimmers (boys / girls).
Sample of the Research:
The research has deliberately selected the sample of the research from the junior swimmers in the National Bank Club, ( N = 16 swimmers boys and girls ) aged (11-12-13-14) years old to carry out the research.
Steps of conducting the Research:
Carrying out the pre- rubric of the variables
The pre-Rubrics have been carried out on the sample members in 25-26 /10/2016 where measurements of the research have been distributed
The suggested training program:
The researcher has designed a suggested training program that aims to improve the physiological qualities of the swimmers who participated in the research. Hence measurements included designing a suggested codified training program for the research.
Carrying out the post rubric of variables under consideration
The post-rubrics have been designed for the sample under consideration in the same way of arranging the pre-rubrics after applying the training program on Monday 21/11 and on Tuesday 22/11/2016
Processing Statistics:
The research used the following statistical methods relevant to the nature of the research:
1 –Arithmetic mean, coefficient skewness and standard deviation
2 – Significance of differences – gain ratios %. the researcher accepted ( 0 -05 ) Significance level in all the research stages .
Inference:-
According to the sample, tools, the objectives, hypotheses, methodology, literature review, scientific references of the research and assuring the post- rubric results compared to pre-rubric results indicating that there are statistically significant difference between the pre and post rubrics in favor of the post rubrics in the variables of the research. The researcher explained that these are due to applying and using the codified suggested program. Deductions and inferences are as follows:
•The codified program has positively affected the variables of the morphology of the Neutrophil cells ( TLC , Staff, Bi, Fri, Tetra, Penta ) in the results of the pre- post rubrics for the sample of the research.
•The codified program has resulted in an improvement in the variables of pulse rate, oxygen blood ratio where as there are no statistically significant differences in the variables of blood pressures in the pre and post rubric of the research sample.
•The codified training program has positively resulted in improving the bio capacity between the results of the pre and the post rubrics of the research sample.
•The codified training program has positively resulted in improving the variables of the digital level for the distance of 100 meters free, between the results of the pre and the post rubrics of the research sample.
Recommendations:-
Based on the data and inference of the research delimited by the sample on which the measurement process was conducted and applying the codified training suggested program and according to the circumstances and procedures of conducting this research, the researcher recommends:
•Applying the suggested training program due to its positive effect on the research sample.
•The necessity of adhering to codifying the training loads coping with the abilities and capacities of the swimmers taking their age into consideration as well as giving due care to the amount/size of training more then strength particularly in the pre-adolescence stage to guarantee increasing the efficiency of the immune system.
•The necessity for swimmers, on performing the maximum speed exercises to have water and juices as when the body lacks liquids owing to high body temperature on doing these exercises may deactivate the immune system. Consequently, having these Liquids is essential to compensate for the water the body loses to avoid dehydration due to not having enough water in the body.
•The importance of varying and devising exercises and the tools used in the training program so that swimmers may avoid boredom and inability to perform well and achieve the best scores or results.
•The importance of launching awareness campaigns to make parents and swimmers aware of the concept of the properly codified sports which leads to continuously achieving the best scores. On the contrary, violent or intense training may achieve the best results in a short time but shortly after that the swimmer gets ill and his/her sports career may come to a stop.
•Conducting similar studies on other samples of different ages using other ways of swimming training with other physiological variables related to sports performance in general and swimming in particular.