الفهرس 
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Abstract
Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies, including metabolic disorders, which are present at the time of birth. Worldwide, the incidence of congenital anomalies is at 3-7% and about 3 million fetuses and infants are born and 276000 babies die within 4 weeks of birth every year from congenital anomalies. Congenital anomalies are not only a leading cause of fetal loss, but also it contributes significantly to preterm birth, childhood and adult morbidity along with considerable repercussion on the mothers and their families.
Fetal screening for congenital anomalies is a part of the comprehensive health care of pregnant women in the majority of countries. Ultrasound is the main screening and diagnostic tool for congenital anomalies specially in 2 nd trimester. But, there is wide variation in both staff experiences and quality of equipment; and some fetuses are difficult to scan because of reduction in liquor volume or persistent difficult position. It was reported that pure genetic factors account for 15-20% of congenital anomalies, while the other 80% are due multifactorial causes.
This study is a cross-sectional observational study, it carried out at Minia fetomaternal unit based at Minia maternity and children university hospital, Minia governorate, Egypt. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of fetal structural congenital malformations using two- dimensional ultrasound among attendants of the fetomaternal unit , Minia university.
All participants were subjected to full history taking (Personal history, Obstetric history, History of diseases and Familial history of congenital anomalies) , Clinical examination (General, abdominal and vaginal examination),Laboratory investigations ,two dimensional Ultrasonography (detailed trans-abdominal ultrasound scanning for determining congenital anomaly in 2nd trimester ) using Voluson S8 equipment.
The main results showed that 167 cases were diagnosed as congenital anomalies in their fetuses from a total of 18058 pregnant women who attended to the different wards in the Minia Maternity & Children university hospital (outpatient clinics, fetomaternal clinics, in-patient wards ) unit during the study period making the calculated prevalence of congenital anomalies is 0.92%.The mean age of cases diagnosed with CFMFs was 26.8 year and we did not find any statistical significance between maternal age and congenital anomalies.
Analysis of the educational level of the participants showed that 72 cases (43.1%) were illiterate. Regarding the residence ,147 cases (88.0%) were urban with no statistical significant relation was found between residence and congenital anomalies. Also, there is no significant relation between parity and congenital anomalies.
The results showed that 87 cases (52.1%) had positive consanguinity. But, no significant relation was found between consanguinity and congenital anomalies. Also 40.0% of cases (66 cases) had no identified risk factor, 54 cases (32.3%) had one risk factor (positive consanguinity), 8 cases (4.8%) had two risk factors (positive consanguinity + old age), 5 cases (3.0%) had three risk factors (positive consanguinity + old age + grand multipara), 4 cases (2.4%) had four risk factors (positive consanguinity +old age + grandmultipara + previous sibling malformation) and the rest 30 cases (18.0%) had five risk factors (positive consanguinity + old age + grand multipara + previous sibling malformation + maternal diabetes). But, no significant relation was found between risk factors and congenital anomalies.